Cuprins
Chapter One – What Is Science?
Objects and Properties
Quantifying PropertiesMeasurement Systems
Standard Units for the Metric SystemLength
MassTime
A Closer Look: The Leap Second
Metric PrefixesUnderstanding from Measurements
Data
Ratios and GeneralizationsThe Density Ratio
Symbols and Equations
The Nature of ScienceThe Scientific Method
Explanations and InvestigationsScientific Laws
Models and TheoriesScience, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience
From Experimentation to Application
Science and NonsciencePseudoscience
Limitations of ScienceChapter Two - Motion
Describing Motion
Measuring MotionSpeed
VelocityAcceleration
Forces
A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's EdgeHorizontal Motion on Land
Falling ObjectsCompound Motion
Vertical Projectiles
Horizontal ProjectilesLaws of Motion
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of MotionWeight and Mass
Newton's Third Law of MotionMomentum
Conservation of Momentum
ImpulseForces and Circular Motion
Newton's Law of GravitationA Closer Look: Space Station Weightlessness
Chapter Three - Energy
Work
Units of Work
PowerMotion, Position, and Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic EnergyEnergy Flow
Energy Forms
Energy ConversionEnergy Conservation
Energy TransferEnergy Sources Today
Petroleum
CoalMoving Water
NuclearA Closer Look: Solar Technology
Chapter Four - Heat and Temperature
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules
Molecules InteractPhases of Matter
Molecules MoveTemperature
Thermometers
Thermometer ScalesHeat
Heat as Energy Transfer
Measures of HeatSpecific Heat
Heat FlowConduction
ConvectionRadiation
A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design
Energy, Heat, and Molecular TheoryPhase Change
Evaporation and CondensationRelative Humidity
ThermodynamicsChapter Five - Wave Motions and Sound
Forces and Elastic Materials
Forces and Vibrations
Describing VibrationsWaves
Kinds of Waves
Waves in AirA Closer Look: Ultrasonics
Hearing Waves in Air
Describing Waves
Sound WavesVelocity of Sound in Air
Refraction and ReflectionInterference
Energy and Sound
Loudness
ResonanceSources of Sounds
Vibrating Strings
Sounds from Moving SourcesChapter Six - Electricity
Electric Charge
Measuring Electrical Charge
Measuring Electrical ForceElectric Current
Resistance
AC and DCElectric Circuit
A Closer Look: Hydrogen and Fuel CellsElectrical Power and Work
A Closer Look: Household Circuits and SafetyMagnetism
Moving Charges and Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Fields InteractA Moving Magnet Produces an Electric Field
A Closer Look: Solar CellsChapter Seven - Light
Sources of Light
Properties of LightLight Interacts with Matter
ReflectionRefraction
A Closer Look: Optics
Dispersion and Color
A Closer Look: The Rainbow
Evidence for WavesInterference
PolarizationEvidence for Particles
Photoelectric Effect
Quantization of EnergyA Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD)
The Present TheoryChapter Eight – Atoms and Periodic Properties
Atomic Structure Discovered
Discovery of the Electron
The NucleusThe Bohr Model
The Quantum Concept
Atomic SpectraBohr's Theory
Quantum Mechanics
Electron ConfigurationThe Periodic Table
A Closer Look: The Rare EarthsMetals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors
Chapter Nine – Chemical Reactions
Compounds
ElementsChemical Change
Valence Electrons and IonsChemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent BondsComposition of Compounds
A Closer Look: Name That CompoundA Closer Look: How To Units a Chemical Formula
Chemical EquationsA Closer Look: On Balancing Equations
Types of Chemical ReactionsChapter Ten – Water and Solutions
Household Water
Properties of WaterStructure of the Water Molecule
The Dissolving ProcessConcentration of Solutions
SolubilityProperties of Water Solutions
Electrolytes
Boiling PointFreezing Point
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Properties of Acids and Bases
Explaining Acid-Base PropertiesStrong and Weak Acids and Bases
The pH ScaleProperties of Salts
Hard and Soft WaterA Closer Look: Acid Rain
Chapter Eleven - Nuclear Reactions
Natural Radioactivity
Nuclear Equations
The Nature of the NucleusTypes of Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay SeriesMeasurement of Radiation
Measurement Methods
Radiation UnitsRadiation Exposure
Nuclear Energy
A Closer Look: Nuclear MedicineNuclear Fission
Nuclear Power PlantsA Closer Look: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
Nuclear Fusion
A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste
Chapter Twelve - The Universe
The Night Sky
Origin of StarsBrightness of Stars
Star TemperatureStar Types
The Life of a StarGalaxies
The Milky Way Galaxy
Other GalaxiesA Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?
The Life of a Galaxy
A Closer Look: Dark Matter
Chapter Thirteen - The Solar System
The Planets, Moons, and Other Bodies
Mercury
VenusEarth’s Moon
MarsA Closer Look: Planets and Astrology
Jupiter
SaturnUranus, Neptune, and Pluto
Small Bodies of the Solar System
Comets
AsteroidsMeteors and Meteorites
A Closer Look: Strange Meteorites
Origin of the Solar SystemChapter Fourteen - The Earth
Earth Materials
Minerals
A Closer Look: Asbestos
Rocks
The Rock CycleThe Earth's Interior
The Crust
The MantleThe Core
A More Detailed StructurePlate Tectonics
Evidence from Earth's Magnetic Field
Evidence from the OceanLithosphere Plates and Boundaries
A Closer Look: Seismic Topography
Present-day UnderstandingsA Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement
Chapter Fifteen - The Earth's Surface
Interpreting Earth's Surface
Processes That Build Up the SurfaceStress and Strain
FoldingFaulting
Earthquakes
Origin of the MountainsA Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World
Processes that Tear Down the SurfaceWeathering
A Closer Look: Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering
A Closer Look: Municipal Solid Waste ProblemsErosion
WindChapter Sixteen - Earth's Weather
The Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric PressureWarming the Atmosphere
Structure of the AtmosphereThe Winds
Local Wind Patterns
A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor
Global Wind Patterns
A Closer Look: Wind Power
Water and the AtmosphereEvaporation and Condensation
Fog and CloudsPrecipitation
Weather Producers
Air Masses
Weather FrontsWaves and Cyclones
Major StormsWeather Forecasting
ClimateMajor Climate Groups
Regional Climate InfluenceA Closer Look: El Nino and La Nina
Chapter Seventeen - Earth's Waters
Water on the Earth
Freshwater
Surface WaterGroundwater
Freshwater as a ResourceA Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
SeawaterOceans and Seas
The Nature of SeawaterMovement of Seawater
A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution
The Ocean FloorA Closer Look: Key Forecasting Tool for the Chesapeake Bay
Chapter Eighteen – Organic and Biochemistry
Organic Compounds
HydrocarbonsAlkenes and Alkynes
Cycloalkanes and Aromatic HydrocarbonsPetroleum
Hydrocarbon DerivativesAlcohols
Ethers, Aldehydes, and KetonesOrganic Acids and Esters
Organic Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates
ProteinsA Closer Look: Some Interesting Amino Acid Information
Nucleic Acids
LipidsA Closer Look: Omega Fatty Acids and Your Diet
A Closer Look: Fat and Your DietSynthetic Polymers
Chapter Nineteen – The Nature of Living Things
Characteristics of Life
The Cell TheoryA Closer Look: The Energy Currency of Living Things--ATP
Cell MembranesGetting Through Membranes
Diffusion
Dialysis and OsmosisControlled Methods of Transporting Molecules
Organelles Composed of Membranes
A Closer Look: Biochemical PathwaysNonmembranous Organelles
Nuclear ComponentsMajor Cell Types
The Prokaryotic Cell Structure
A Closer Look: Antibiotics and Cell Structural Differences
The Eukaryotic Cell Structure
The Importance of Cell Division
The Cell CycleThe Stages of Mitosis
A Closer Look: Abnormal Cell Division: CancerChapter Twenty - The Origin and Evolution of Life
Current Thinking About the Origin of Life
Extraterrestrial Origin for Life on Earth
Earth Origin for Life on EarthMeeting Metabolic Needs -- Heterotrophs or Autotrophs
Reproduction and the Origin of Genetic MaterialMajor Events in the Early Evolution of Living Things
The Development of an Oxidizing Atmosphere
The Establishment of Three Major Domains of LifeThe Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
The Role of Natural Selection in EvolutionWhat Influences Natural Selection?
Genetic Variety Resulting from Mutation
Genetic Variety Resulting from Sexual ReproductionAcquired Characteristics Do Not Influence Natural Selection
Processes That Drive Natural Selection
Differential Survival
Differential Production RatesDifferential Mate Selection
A Closer Look: Human Designed Organisms
A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary ChangeAccumulating Evidence of Evolution
A Closer Look: Common Misconceptions About the Theory of EvolutionSpecies: A Working Definition
A Closer Look: Is the Red Wolf a Species?How New Species Originate
The Development of Evolutionary ThoughtThe Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms
Chapter Twenty-one – The History of Life on Earth
Geologic Time
Early Attempts at Earth Dating
Modern Techniques for Determining the Age of the EarthArranging Events in Order
Geologic Time and the Fossil Record
Early Ideas About Fossils
Types of FossilsCorrelating Fossils with Geologic Time
A Closer Look: What is Carbon-14 Dating?
The Geologic Time Scale
Paleontology, Archaeology, and Human Evolution
A Closer Look: Neanderthals Were Probably a Different SpeciesThe First Hominids—The Australopiths
Later Hominids—The Genus HomoThe Origin of Homo sapiens
The Classification of Organisms
Domains Archaea and Eubacteria
Domain EucaryaA Closer Look: The World’s Oldest and Largest Living Organisms
Acellular Infectious ParticlesViroids: Infectious RNA
Prions: Infectious ProteinsChapter Twenty-two - Ecology and Environment
A Definition of Environment
The Organization of Ecological SystemsEnergy Flow in Ecosystems
Community InteractionsTypes of Terrestrial Communities
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Grassland or PrairieSavanna
DesertBoreal Forest
Temperate RainforestTundra
Tropical RainforestTypes of Aquatic Communities
Marine Communities
Freshwater CommunitiesEstuaries
Community, Habitat, and Niche
A Closer Look: The Importance of Habitat SizeKinds of Organism Interactions
Predation
ParasitismCommensalism
MutualismCompetition
The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems
The Carbon Cycle
A Closer Look: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
The Nitrogen Cycle
Population Characteristics
The Population Growth CurvePopulation-Size Limitations
A Closer Look: Government Policy and Population Control in ChinaLimiting Factors to Human Population Growth
Chapter Twenty-three – Human Biology: Sex and Nutrition
Sexual Reproduction
The Mechanics of Meiosis: Meiosis I
Chromosomes and Sex DeterminationA Closer Look: Karyotyping and Down Syndrome
Spermatogenesis
OogenesisA Closer Look: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
A Closer Look: The Human Genome ProjectSexual Maturation of Young Adults
NutritionLiving Things as Chemical Factories: Matter and Energy
Manipulators
Kilocalories, Basal Metabolism, and Weight Control
Amounts and Sources of NutrientsThe Food Guide Pyramid with Five Food Groups
Eating DisordersA Closer Look: Nutritional Needs Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation
Deficiency DiseasesChapter Twenty-four – Human Biology: Materials Exchange and Control Mechanisms
Exchanging Materials: Basic Principles
Transporting Materials: The Circulatory SystemThe Nature of Blood
The HeartArteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Exchanging Gases: The Respiratory System
A Closer Look: Cigarette Smoking and Your HealthObtaining Nutrients: The Digestive System
Mechanical and Chemical Processing
Nutrient UptakeWaste Disposal: The Excretory System
Control MechanismsThe Structure of the Nervous System
The Nature of the Nerve ImpulseActivities at the Synapse
Endocrine System FunctionSensory Input
Chemical Detection
Light DetectionSound Detection
TouchOutput Mechanisms
Muscles
A Closer Look: Which Type of Exercise Do You Do?
Glands
Growth Responses
Chapter Twenty-five - Mendelian and Molecular Genetics
Genetics, Meiosis, and Cells
Single-Gene Inheritance PatternsDominant and Recessive Alleles
CodominanceX-Linked Genes
Mendel's Laws of Heredity
A Closer Look: Cystic Fibrosis -- What's the Probability?Steps in Solving Heredity Problems: Single Factor Crosses
A Closer Look: Blame That Trait on Your Mother!A Closer Look: Muscular Dystrophy and Genetics
Alternative Inheritance SituationsMultiple Alles
Polygenic InheritancePleiotropy
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
What is a Gene and How Does It Work?The Structure of DNA and RNA
A Closer Look: Of Men (and Women!), Microbes, and Molecules
DNA Replication
DNA TranscriptionTranslation of Protein Synthesis
A Closer Look: Basic Steps of Translation
Alterations of DNA
A Closer Look: The PCR and Genetic Fingerprinting
Genetic EngineeringAppendix A
Mathematical Review
Working with Equations
Significant FiguresConversion of Units
Scientific NotationAppendix B
Solubilities Chart
Appendix C
Relative Humidity Table
Appendix D
Solutions for Group A Parallel Exercises
Appendix E
Problem Solving
Glossary
CreditsIndex