This is a textbook for university students, postgraduate students, physicists and researchers. It may be useful for philosophers and scientists of other fields. Modern theoretical physics is based on a number of fundamental theories, methods and interpretations of the vast collection of experimental data. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity seem to be most fundamental. However those theories have proved unable to solve the most cardinal problems of physics, such as the origin of matter, the physical nature of space, the nature of nuclear interaction, the structure of the atom, etc. Fortunately, the solution to the crisis has been recently suggested by philosophy. It became clear that physics is a theoretical science, a thoughtful cognizance of the nature; its language is mathematics, its philosophy is that of the nature itself - the systems theory described and presented in the most completed form in Hegel's Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. This textbook offers university students a new course on theoretical astrophysics based on the author's research which seems to have initiated the reform of modern physics, revealing in addition the true philosophy and methodology of science in general.