The process which includes the extraction of valuable minerals and other geological materials from the Earth is known as mining. Minerals and other materials are usually extracted from an ore body, vein, seam, lode, and reef or placer deposit. Ores that are recovered through mining include coal, oil, metals, gemstones, dimension stone, potash, gravel, chalk and clay. Mining is an important activity as it is required to get any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes or created artificially. It primarily includes the extraction of non-renewable resources such as petroleum, natural gas and water. Modern mining includes prospecting for ore bodies, extraction of the desired materials and reclamation of the land after the mine is closed. This textbook outlines the processes and applications of mining in detail. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.