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Investigating Civilian Casualties in Time of Armed Conflict and Belligerent Occupation: Manoeuvring between Legal Regimes and Paradigms for the Use of Force de Alon Margalit

Investigating Civilian Casualties in Time of Armed Conflict and Belligerent Occupation: Manoeuvring between Legal Regimes and Paradigms for the Use of Force: International Humanitarian Law Series, cartea 54

Autor Alon Margalit
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 18 iul 2018
In Investigating Civilian Casualties in Time of Armed Conflict and Belligerent Occupation Alon Margalit discusses the appropriate State response to civilian casualties caused by its armed forces. Various legal and practical challenges, arising when investigating the fatal consequences of the use of force, are examined through the practice of the US, the UK, Canada and Israel during military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and the occupied Palestinian territory. Alon Margalit considers this topical and sensitive issue within a broader context, namely the public scrutiny of State behaviour and influence of human rights law during armed conflict. The debate over the scope of the duty to investigate reflects competing approaches looking to (re)shape the balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9789004368200
ISBN-10: 9004368205
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0.58 kg
Editura: Brill
Colecția Brill | Nijhoff
Seria International Humanitarian Law Series

Notă biografică

Alon Margalit, Ph.D. (2014), University of London, is an Israeli lawyer who has held various legal positions, including at the Intentional Committee of the Red Cross, the Norwegian Refugee Council, SOAS University of London and the Tel Aviv District Court.

Cuprins

Preface
List of Abbreviations

Part 1: Introduction



1 The Investigative Response to Civilian Casualties: More Questions Than Answers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Taking a Closer Look
1.3 Book Overview
1.3.1The Use of Force, Civilian Casualties and Investigations
1.3.2Manoeuvring between Operational Paradigms and Legal Regimes

Part 2: Setting the Normative Framework



2 ‘The Trigger Question’: When Do Civilian Casualties Require an Investigation?
2.1 The Investigation Trigger under International Human Rights Law (ihrl)
2.2 The Investigation Trigger under the Law of Armed Conflict (loac)
2.2.1War Crimes
2.2.2A Failure of Precautions
2.2.3A Duty to Investigate All Cases of Civilian Casualties?
2.3 Conclusion

3 ‘The Standards Question’: How to Investigate Civilian Casualties?
3.1 Investigation Standards under ihrl
3.1.1General
3.1.2An Effective Investigation
3.1.3Independence and Impartiality
3.1.4Victim Involvement and Transparency
3.1.5A Formal and Professional Investigation and the Margin of Appreciation
3.2 Investigation Standards under loac
3.2.1General
3.2.2War Crimes
3.2.3A Failure of Precautions
3.3 Conclusion

4 Translating Investigation Obligations to loac Situations
4.1 The Interaction between ihrl and loac
4.2 Classification Issues
4.3 International Armed Conflict (iac)
4.4 Non-international Armed Conflict (niac)
4.5 A Conduct-of-Hostilities Paradigm: Temporal and Geographical Dimensions
4.6 Occupation
4.6.1General
4.6.2Troubled Occupation
4.6.3The Use of Force
4.7 Conclusion

Part 3: Investigating Civilian Casualties in Practice



5 Challenges in Classifying and Identifying the Applicable Normative Framework(s)
5.1 ‘Stretching’ a Hostilities Paradigm
5.1.1us
5.1.2uk
5.1.3Israel
5.2 ‘Stretching’ a Law-Enforcement Paradigm
5.2.1Iraq
5.2.2Afghanistan
5.2.3oPt
5.3 Uncertainty in Relation to the Intensity Test
5.4 iac/niac Classification
5.5 Further Complications: Additional Legal Sources and Policy Considerations
5.5.1uk, Canada
5.5.2us
5.6 The Applicability of ihrl
5.6.1General
5.6.2Effective Control and Provision of Governmental Services
5.6.3Consent of the Local Government
5.6.4Prolonged Occupation
5.7 Al-Skeini and B’tselem Cases: Two Sides of a Legal Coin
5.7.1Al-Skeini
5.7.2B’tselem
5.8 Conclusion

6 Investigation Models and Constraints in Domestic Military Justice Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Models Identified in State Practice
6.2.1The Commander Model
6.2.2The Professional Model
6.2.3A Mixed Model: Mandatory Reporting to a Professional Body in Serious Cases
6.3 Conclusion

7 Military In-House Investigations and Some Mitigating Arrangements
7.1 Command Investigations
7.1.1A Controversial Mechanism
7.1.2Judging Command Investigations in Light of Their Function
7.2 Considering Mitigating Arrangements
7.2.1Enhancing the Involvement of Professional Bodies
7.2.2Setting Time Frames and Considering Initial Findings Carefully
7.2.3Openness
7.3 Problems with Professional Bodies
7.3.1Failure to Open a Formal and Professional Investigation
7.3.2Problems with the Conduct of Criminal Investigations
7.4 Conclusion

8 Civilian Oversight of Military Investigations
8.1 An Ad Hoc Civilian Investigatory Body
8.2 Administrative Review
8.3 Judicial Review
8.3.1General
8.3.2Jurisdiction and Admissibility
8.3.3The Scope of Review
8.4 A Permanent Civilian Expert Body
8.4.1The mpcc (Canada)
8.4.2hmic (uk)
8.4.3Israel
8.5 Conclusion

Part 4: Looking Forward



9 A Proposal for a Permanent Expert Commission
9.1 A Question of Mandate
9.1.1General
9.1.2External-Civilian Investigations?
9.1.3ihrl and Lessons Learned from the Civilian Oversight of Police Investigations
9.2 The Proposed Mandate

10 The Duty to Investigate and Shaping the Normative Discourse
10.1 The Difficulties of Investigating
10.2 Enhanced Scrutiny and Heavier Burden
10.3 State Pushback
10.4 A Permanent Expert Commission: Incentives for States
10.5 Conclusion
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
Table of International Cases 26
Table of Domestic Instruments
Table of Domestic Cases
Bibliography