This volume brings together historico-sociological analyses (on the legal status of Jewish communities, the ghetto, the present-day political and religious situation), culture-historical studies (on the problem of the teshuva, Holocaust literature, political theory, parallels between the discrimination of women and Jews), and discussions of philosophical stances and positions (effects of Jewish Enlightenment in France and Italy, universalism and particularism in Jewish self-determination, clashes between religion and philosophy). The comparison of Judaism in France and Italy is supplemented by an outline of Judaism in 20th century Great Britain.