This volume addresses the broad theme and specific topics associated with current thinking in the field of language testing and assessment. The volume offers •multiple perspectives on the ‘what’ (the ‘trait’) of languages, and the ‘how’ (‘the method’) of assessment•multiple approaches developed for assessment especially given the multiplicity of languages used by many diverse groups of learners in many different contexts•focus on the societal roles of language testers, their responsibility to be socially accountable and to ensure ethicality and professionalism•focus on language testing in multilingual and diverse contexts This is one of ten volumes of the Encyclopedia of Language and Education published by Springer. The Encyclopedia bears testimony to the dynamism and evolution of the language and education field, as it confronts the ever-burgeoning and irrepressible linguistic diversity and ongoing pressures and expectations placed on education around the world.