The monograph is devoted to the characteristic feature of the science of language of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries - the orientation towards the transition from the description of language as a system ("in itself and for itself") to the idea of language as one of the most expressive ways of fixing human knowledge about the world and about himself, i.e. language as a "part of man". This was expressed in attempts to consider language units in a broad cultural context - in the aspect of language's participation in the creation of spiritual culture and the participation of spiritual culture in the formation of language.