Long Live Atahualpa is an innovative ethnography examining indigenous political mobilization in the struggle against discrimination in modern Ecuador. Emma Cervone explores the politicization of Indianness—the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination and political participation—through an analysis of Quichua mobilization in the central Andean province of Chimborazo, Ecuador. That mobilization led to the formation of grassroots organizations, such as the Inca Atahualpa. Cervone’s account of the region’s social history since the formation of a rural unionist movement in the 1950s illuminates the complex process that led indigenous activists to forge new alliances with the Catholic Church, NGOs, and regional indigenous organizations. She describes how the Inca Atahualpa contested racial subordination by intervening in matters of resource distribution, justice, and cultural politics. Considering local indigenous politics in relation to indigenous mobilization at the national and the international levels, Cervone discusses how state-led modernization, which began in the 1960s, created political openings by generating new economic formations and social categories. Long Live Atahualpa sheds new light on indigenous peoples operating at the crossroads of global capitalism and neoliberal reforms as they redefine historically rooted relationships of subordination.