Material Restoration follows the journey of a parchment bifolium, which was first used in the binding of a manuscript produced in Echternach around the year 1000, and then removed from its original container-codex after it was appropriated by the French during the Napoleonic wars. By tracing the creation, interpretations, and migratory life of the parchment until its eventual incorporation within a nineteenth-century codex, this analysis presents the bifolium as an illustration of 'new philology', and as an essential material and cultural element of the different codices that contained it. Material Restoration also analyses the texts inscribed on the bifolium, which include a charter, two poems, and verbal and musical glosses. By considering these texts within the context of the networks that produced and used them, the book offers an intriguing insight into the monastic and literary communities of eleventh-century Echternach. Material Restoration is a riveting and satisfying scholarly detective story that combines both erudition and new discoveries, and adheres to the standards of both classical and new philology.