Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers: International Version
Autor Michael S. Mamlouk, John P. Zaniewskien Limba Engleză Paperback – 11 mar 2010
This introduction gives students a basic understanding of the material selection process and the behavior of materials — a fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design, construction, and maintenance. The authors cover the various materials used by civil and construction engineers in one useful reference, limiting the vast amount of information available to the introductory level, concentrating on current practices, and extracting information that is relevant to the general education of civil and construction engineers. A large number of experiments, figures, sample problems, test methods, and homework problems gives students opportunity for practice and review.
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780138009564
ISBN-10: 0138009562
Pagini: 600
Dimensiuni: 178 x 232 x 30 mm
Greutate: 0.95 kg
Ediția:3Nouă
Editura: Pearson Education
Colecția Pearson Education
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States
ISBN-10: 0138009562
Pagini: 600
Dimensiuni: 178 x 232 x 30 mm
Greutate: 0.95 kg
Ediția:3Nouă
Editura: Pearson Education
Colecția Pearson Education
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States
Cuprins
Preface xiv
ONE Materials Engineering Concepts 1
1.1 Economic Factors 2
1.2 Mechanical Properties 3
1.2.1 • Loading Conditions 4
1.2.2 • Stress—Strain Relations 5
1.2.3 • Elastic Behavior 5
1.2.4 • Elastoplastic Behavior 8
1.2.5 • Viscoelastic Behavior 12
1.2.6 • Temperature and Time Effects 17
1.2.7 • Work and Energy 18
1.2.8 • Failure and Safety 18
1.3 Nonmechanical Properties 21
1.3.1 • Density and Unit Weight 21
1.3.2 • Thermal Expansion 22
1.3.3 • Surface Characteristics 23
1.4 Production and Construction 24
1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics 25
1.6 Sustainable Design 26
1.7 Material Variability 27
1.7.1 • Sampling 28
1.7.2 • Normal Distribution 29
1.7.3 • Control Charts 29
1.7.4 • Experimental Error 32
1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices 32
1.8.1 • Dial Gauge 33
1.8.2 • Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 33
1.8.3 • Strain Gauge 37
1.8.4 • Non-Contact Deformation Measurement Technique 38
1.8.5 • Proving Ring 38
1.8.6 • Load Cell 39
Summary 40
Questions and Problems 41
1.9 References 51
TWO Nature of Materials 52
2.1 Basic Materials Concepts 52
2.1.1 • Electron Configuration 52
2.1.2 • Bonding 55
2.1.3 • Material Classification by Bond Type 58
2.2 Metallic Materials 58
2.2.1 • Lattice Structure 59
2.2.2 • Lattice Defects 63
2.2.3 • Grain Structure 64
2.2.4 • Alloys 67
2.2.5 • Phase Diagrams 67
2.2.6 • Combined Effects 73
2.3 Inorganic Solids 73
2.4 Organic Solids 75
2.4.1 • Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking 76
2.4.2 • Melting and Glass Transition Temperature 79
2.4.3 • Mechanical Properties 80
Summary 81
Questions and Problems 81
2.5 References 84
THREE Steel 85
3.1 Steel Production 87
3.2 Iron—Carbon Phase Diagram 89
3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 93
3.3.1 • Annealing 93
3.3.2 • Normalizing 94
3.3.3 • Hardening 95
3.3.4 • Tempering 95
3.3.5 • Example of Heat Treatment 95
3.4 Steel Alloys 95
3.5 Structural Steel 97
3.5.1 • Structural Steel Grades 97
3.5.2 • Sectional Shapes 100
3.5.3 • Specialty Steels in Structural Applications 101
3.6 Cold-Formed Steel 106
3.6.1 • Cold-Formed Steel Grades 106
3.6.2 • Cold-Formed Steel Shapes 107
3.6.3 • Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel 109
3.7 Fastening Products 109
3.8 Reinforcing Steel 111
3.8.1 • Conventional Reinforcing 111
3.8.2 • Steel for Prestressed Concrete 115
3.9 Mechanical Testing of Steel 116
3.9.1 • Tension Test 116
3.9.2 • Torsion Test 119
3.9.3 • Charpy V Notch Impact Test 122
3.9.4 • Bend Test 124
3.9.5 • Hardness Test 125
3.9.6 • Ultrasonic Testing 125
3.10 Welding 126
3.11 Steel Corrosion 129
3.11.1 • Methods for Corrosion Resistance 130
Summary 131
Questions and Problems 131
3.12 References 139
FOUR Aluminum 140
4.1 Aluminum Production 143
4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy 145
4.2.1 • Alloy Designation System 147
4.2.2 • Temper Treatments 148
4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties 151
4.4 Welding and Fastening 156
4.5 Corrosion 157
Summary 157
Questions and Problems 157
4.6 References 162
FIVE Aggregates 163
5.1 Aggregate Sources 164
5.2 Geological Classification 165
5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources 165
5.4 Aggregate Uses 166
5.5 Aggregate Properties 167
5.5.1 • Particle Shape and Surface Texture 169
5.5.2 • Soundness and Durability 171
5.5.3 • Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance 172
5.5.4 • Absorption 173
5.5.5 • Specific Gravity 175
5.5.6 • Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 177
5.5.7 • Strength and Modulus 178
5.5.8 • Gradation 178
5.5.9 • Cleanness and Deleterious Materials 195
5.5.10 • Alkali—Aggregate Reactivity 196
5.5.11 • Affinity for Asphalt 197
5.6 Handling Aggregates 198
5.6.1 • Sampling Aggregates 199
Summary 200
Questions and Problems 200
5.7 References 209
SIX Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 210
6.1 Portland Cement Production 210
6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 211
6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement 213
6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement 214
6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement 214
6.5.1 • Structure Development in Cement Paste 216
6.5.2 • Evaluation of Hydration Progress 216
6.6 Voids in Hydrated Cement 218
6.7 Properties of Hydrated Cement 218
6.7.1 • Setting 218
6.7.2 • Soundness 220
6.7.3 • Compressive Strength of Mortar 221
6.8 Water—Cement Ratio 221
6.9 Types of Portland Cement 222
6.9.1 • Standard Portland Cement Types 222
6.9.2 • Other Cement Types 225
6.10 Mixing Water 226
6.10.1 • Acceptable Criteria 226
6.10.2 • Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water 228
6.11 Admixtures for Concrete 228
6.11.1 • Air Entrainers 229
6.11.2 • Water Reducers 230
6.11.3 • Retarders 233
6.11.4 • Hydration-Control Admixtures 234
6.11.5 • Accelerators 234
6.11.6 • Specialty Admixtures 235
6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 236
Summary 239
Questions and Problems 240
6.13 References 245
SEVEN Portland Cement Concrete 246
7.1 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes 246
7.1.1 • Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods 247
7.1.2 • Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs 263
7.2 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete 266
7.2.1 • Ready-Mixed Concrete 266
7.2.2 • Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete 267
7.2.3 • Depositing Concrete 267
7.2.4 • Pumped Concrete 267
7.2.5 • Vibration of Concrete 270
7.2.6 • Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water 272
7.2.7 • Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete 272
7.2.8 • Spreading and Finishing Concrete 274
7.3 Curing Concrete 274
7.3.1 • Ponding or Immersion 280
7.3.2 • Spraying or Fogging 280
7.3.3 • Wet Coverings 280
7.3.4 • Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets 281
7.3.5 • Membrane-Forming Compounds 282
7.3.6 • Forms Left in Place 282
7.3.7 • Steam Curing 283
7.3.8 • Insulating Blankets or Covers 283
7.3.9 • Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing 285
7.3.10 • Curing Period 285
7.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 285
7.4.1 • Early Volume Change 285
7.4.2 • Creep Properties 286
7.4.3 • Permeability 286
7.4.4 • Stress—Strain Relationship 287
7.5 Testing of Hardened Concrete 289
7.5.1 • Compressive Strength Test 290
7.5.2 • Split-Tension Test 292
7.5.3 • Flexure Strength Test 293
7.5.4 • Rebound Hammer Test 294
7.5.5 • Penetration Resistance Test 295
7.5.6 • Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 296
7.5.7 • Maturity Test 296
7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete 297
7.6.1 • Self-Consolidating Concrete 297
7.6.2 • Flowable Fill 299
7.6.3 • Shotcrete 301
7.6.4 • Lightweight Concrete 302
7.6.5 • Heavyweight Concrete 303
7.6.6 • High-Strength Concrete 304
7.6.7 • Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 305
7.6.8 • Polymers and Concrete 305
7.6.9 • Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 305
7.6.10 • Roller-Compacted Concrete 306
7.6.11 • High-Performance Concrete 307
Summary 308
Questions and Problems 308
7.7 References 313
EIGHT Masonry 315
8.1 Masonry Units 315
8.1.1 • Concrete Masonry Units 316
8.1.2 • Clay Bricks 321
8.2 Mortar 324
8.3 Grout 324
8.4 Plaster 325
Summary 325
Questions and Problems 325
8.5 References 328
NINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures 329
9.1 Types of Asphalt Products 332
9.2 Uses of Asphalt 334
9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt 337
9.4 Chemical Properties of Asphalt 340
9.5 Superpave and Performance Grade Binders 342
9.6 Characterization of Asphalt Cement 342
9.6.1 • Performance Grade Characterization Approach 342
9.6.2 • Performance Grade Binder Characterization 343
9.6.3 • Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests 348
9.7 Classification of Asphalt 350
9.7.1 • Asphalt Binders 350
9.7.2 • Asphalt Cutbacks 356
9.7.3 • Asphalt Emulsions 356
9.8 Asphalt Concrete 357
9.9 Asphalt Concrete Mix Design 358
9.9.1 • Specimen Preparation in the Laboratory 358
9.9.2 • Density and Voids Analysis 362
9.9.3 • Superpave Mix Design 365
9.9.4 • Superpave Refinement 374
9.9.5 • Marshall Method of Mix Design 374
9.9.6 • Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility 382
9.10 Characterization of Asphalt Concrete 383
9.10.1 • Indirect Tensile Strength 384
9.10.2 • Diametral Tensile Resilient Modulus 384
9.10.3 • Freeze and Thaw Test 386
9.10.4 • Superpave Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests 386
9.11 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production and Construction 390
9.11.1 • Production of Raw Materials 390
9.11.2 • Manufacturing Asphalt Concrete 390
9.11.3 • Field Operations 391
9.12 Recycling of Asphalt Concrete 394
9.12.1 • RAP Evaluation 395
9.12.2 • RAP Mix Design 395
9.12.3 • RAP Production and Construction 395
9.13 Additives 397
9.13.1 • Fillers 397
9.13.2 • Extenders 397
9.13.3 • Polymer Modified Asphalt 397
9.13.4 • Antistripping Agents 399
9.13.5 • Others 399
9.14 Warm Mix 399
Summary 401
Questions and Problems 402
9.15 References 409
TEN Wood 411
10.1 Structure of Wood 413
10.1.1 • Growth Rings 413
10.1.2 • Anisotropic Nature of Wood 415
10.2 Chemical Composition 416
10.3 Moisture Content 417
10.4 Wood Production 419
10.4.1 • Cutting Techniques 421
10.4.2 • Seasoning 422
10.5 Lumber Grades 423
10.5.1 • Hardwood Grades 424
10.5.2 • Softwood Grades 425
10.6 Defects in Lumber 426
10.7 Physical Properties 429
10.7.1 • Specific Gravity and Density 429
10.7.2 • Thermal Properties 429
10.7.3 • Electrical Properties 431
10.8 Mechanical Properties 431
10.8.1 • Modulus of Elasticity 431
10.8.2 • Strength Properties 432
10.8.3 • Load Duration 432
10.8.4 • Damping Capacity 433
10.9 Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties 433
10.9.1 • Flexure Test of Structural Members (ASTM D198) 434
10.9.2 • Flexure Test of Small, Clear Specimen (ASTM D143) 436
10.10 Design Considerations 437
10.11 Organisms that Degrade Wood 437
10.11.1 • Fungi 438
10.11.2 • Insects 438
10.11.3 • Marine Organisms 438
10.11.4 • Bacteria 438
10.12 Wood Preservation 439
10.12.1 • Petroleum-Based Solutions 439
10.12.2 • Waterborne Preservatives 439
10.12.3 • Application Techniques 440
10.12.4 • Construction Precautions 440
10.13 Engineered Wood Products 441
10.13.1 • Structural Panels/Sheets 443
10.13.2 • Structural Shapes 445
10.13.3 • Composite Structural Members 455
Summary 456
Questions and Problems 456
10.14 References 462
ELEVEN Composites 463
11.1 Microscopic Composites 465
11.1.1 • Fiber-Reinforced Composites 465
11.1.2 • Particle-Reinforced Composites 467
11.1.3 • Matrix Phase 467
11.1.4 • Fabrication 467
11.1.5 • Civil Engineering Applications 468
11.2 Macroscopic Composites 473
11.2.1 • Plain Portland Cement Concrete 473
11.2.2 • Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete 474
11.2.3 • Asphalt Concrete 474
11.2.4 • Engineered Wood 475
11.3 Properties of Composites 475
11.3.1 • Loading Parallel to Fibers 476
11.3.2 • Loading Perpendicular to Fibers 477
11.3.3 • Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites 479
11.3.4 • Particle-Reinforced Composites 479
Summary 480
Questions and Problems 480
11.4 References 482
Appendix 483
Experiments
1. Introduction to Measuring Devices 484
2. Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum 487
3. Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum 490
4. Impact Test of Steel 493
5. Microscopic Inspection of Materials 496
6. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates 497
7. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate 501
8. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate 503
9. Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 505
10. Slump of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete 508
11. Unit Weight and Yield of Freshly Mixed Concrete 511
12. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure Method 513
13. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric Method 515
14. Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams 517
15. Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with Sulfur or Capping Compound 521
16. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 523
17. Flexural Strength of Concrete 526
18. Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete 529
19. Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete 531
20. Testing of Concrete Masonry Units 534
21. Viscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational Viscometer 537
22. Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt Binder 539
23. Penetration Test of Asphalt Cement 541
24. Absolute Viscosity Test of Asphalt 543
25. Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor 545
26. Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens Using the Marshall Compactor 548
27. Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures 551
28. Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Concrete 553
29. Bending (Flexure) Test of Wood 555
30. Tensile Properties of Plastics 561
Index 576
ONE Materials Engineering Concepts 1
1.1 Economic Factors 2
1.2 Mechanical Properties 3
1.2.1 • Loading Conditions 4
1.2.2 • Stress—Strain Relations 5
1.2.3 • Elastic Behavior 5
1.2.4 • Elastoplastic Behavior 8
1.2.5 • Viscoelastic Behavior 12
1.2.6 • Temperature and Time Effects 17
1.2.7 • Work and Energy 18
1.2.8 • Failure and Safety 18
1.3 Nonmechanical Properties 21
1.3.1 • Density and Unit Weight 21
1.3.2 • Thermal Expansion 22
1.3.3 • Surface Characteristics 23
1.4 Production and Construction 24
1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics 25
1.6 Sustainable Design 26
1.7 Material Variability 27
1.7.1 • Sampling 28
1.7.2 • Normal Distribution 29
1.7.3 • Control Charts 29
1.7.4 • Experimental Error 32
1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices 32
1.8.1 • Dial Gauge 33
1.8.2 • Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 33
1.8.3 • Strain Gauge 37
1.8.4 • Non-Contact Deformation Measurement Technique 38
1.8.5 • Proving Ring 38
1.8.6 • Load Cell 39
Summary 40
Questions and Problems 41
1.9 References 51
TWO Nature of Materials 52
2.1 Basic Materials Concepts 52
2.1.1 • Electron Configuration 52
2.1.2 • Bonding 55
2.1.3 • Material Classification by Bond Type 58
2.2 Metallic Materials 58
2.2.1 • Lattice Structure 59
2.2.2 • Lattice Defects 63
2.2.3 • Grain Structure 64
2.2.4 • Alloys 67
2.2.5 • Phase Diagrams 67
2.2.6 • Combined Effects 73
2.3 Inorganic Solids 73
2.4 Organic Solids 75
2.4.1 • Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking 76
2.4.2 • Melting and Glass Transition Temperature 79
2.4.3 • Mechanical Properties 80
Summary 81
Questions and Problems 81
2.5 References 84
THREE Steel 85
3.1 Steel Production 87
3.2 Iron—Carbon Phase Diagram 89
3.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 93
3.3.1 • Annealing 93
3.3.2 • Normalizing 94
3.3.3 • Hardening 95
3.3.4 • Tempering 95
3.3.5 • Example of Heat Treatment 95
3.4 Steel Alloys 95
3.5 Structural Steel 97
3.5.1 • Structural Steel Grades 97
3.5.2 • Sectional Shapes 100
3.5.3 • Specialty Steels in Structural Applications 101
3.6 Cold-Formed Steel 106
3.6.1 • Cold-Formed Steel Grades 106
3.6.2 • Cold-Formed Steel Shapes 107
3.6.3 • Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel 109
3.7 Fastening Products 109
3.8 Reinforcing Steel 111
3.8.1 • Conventional Reinforcing 111
3.8.2 • Steel for Prestressed Concrete 115
3.9 Mechanical Testing of Steel 116
3.9.1 • Tension Test 116
3.9.2 • Torsion Test 119
3.9.3 • Charpy V Notch Impact Test 122
3.9.4 • Bend Test 124
3.9.5 • Hardness Test 125
3.9.6 • Ultrasonic Testing 125
3.10 Welding 126
3.11 Steel Corrosion 129
3.11.1 • Methods for Corrosion Resistance 130
Summary 131
Questions and Problems 131
3.12 References 139
FOUR Aluminum 140
4.1 Aluminum Production 143
4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy 145
4.2.1 • Alloy Designation System 147
4.2.2 • Temper Treatments 148
4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties 151
4.4 Welding and Fastening 156
4.5 Corrosion 157
Summary 157
Questions and Problems 157
4.6 References 162
FIVE Aggregates 163
5.1 Aggregate Sources 164
5.2 Geological Classification 165
5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources 165
5.4 Aggregate Uses 166
5.5 Aggregate Properties 167
5.5.1 • Particle Shape and Surface Texture 169
5.5.2 • Soundness and Durability 171
5.5.3 • Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance 172
5.5.4 • Absorption 173
5.5.5 • Specific Gravity 175
5.5.6 • Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 177
5.5.7 • Strength and Modulus 178
5.5.8 • Gradation 178
5.5.9 • Cleanness and Deleterious Materials 195
5.5.10 • Alkali—Aggregate Reactivity 196
5.5.11 • Affinity for Asphalt 197
5.6 Handling Aggregates 198
5.6.1 • Sampling Aggregates 199
Summary 200
Questions and Problems 200
5.7 References 209
SIX Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 210
6.1 Portland Cement Production 210
6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 211
6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement 213
6.4 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement 214
6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement 214
6.5.1 • Structure Development in Cement Paste 216
6.5.2 • Evaluation of Hydration Progress 216
6.6 Voids in Hydrated Cement 218
6.7 Properties of Hydrated Cement 218
6.7.1 • Setting 218
6.7.2 • Soundness 220
6.7.3 • Compressive Strength of Mortar 221
6.8 Water—Cement Ratio 221
6.9 Types of Portland Cement 222
6.9.1 • Standard Portland Cement Types 222
6.9.2 • Other Cement Types 225
6.10 Mixing Water 226
6.10.1 • Acceptable Criteria 226
6.10.2 • Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water 228
6.11 Admixtures for Concrete 228
6.11.1 • Air Entrainers 229
6.11.2 • Water Reducers 230
6.11.3 • Retarders 233
6.11.4 • Hydration-Control Admixtures 234
6.11.5 • Accelerators 234
6.11.6 • Specialty Admixtures 235
6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 236
Summary 239
Questions and Problems 240
6.13 References 245
SEVEN Portland Cement Concrete 246
7.1 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes 246
7.1.1 • Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods 247
7.1.2 • Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs 263
7.2 Mixing, Placing, and Handling Fresh Concrete 266
7.2.1 • Ready-Mixed Concrete 266
7.2.2 • Mobile Batcher Mixed Concrete 267
7.2.3 • Depositing Concrete 267
7.2.4 • Pumped Concrete 267
7.2.5 • Vibration of Concrete 270
7.2.6 • Pitfalls and Precautions for Mixing Water 272
7.2.7 • Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete 272
7.2.8 • Spreading and Finishing Concrete 274
7.3 Curing Concrete 274
7.3.1 • Ponding or Immersion 280
7.3.2 • Spraying or Fogging 280
7.3.3 • Wet Coverings 280
7.3.4 • Impervious Papers or Plastic Sheets 281
7.3.5 • Membrane-Forming Compounds 282
7.3.6 • Forms Left in Place 282
7.3.7 • Steam Curing 283
7.3.8 • Insulating Blankets or Covers 283
7.3.9 • Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing 285
7.3.10 • Curing Period 285
7.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 285
7.4.1 • Early Volume Change 285
7.4.2 • Creep Properties 286
7.4.3 • Permeability 286
7.4.4 • Stress—Strain Relationship 287
7.5 Testing of Hardened Concrete 289
7.5.1 • Compressive Strength Test 290
7.5.2 • Split-Tension Test 292
7.5.3 • Flexure Strength Test 293
7.5.4 • Rebound Hammer Test 294
7.5.5 • Penetration Resistance Test 295
7.5.6 • Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 296
7.5.7 • Maturity Test 296
7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete 297
7.6.1 • Self-Consolidating Concrete 297
7.6.2 • Flowable Fill 299
7.6.3 • Shotcrete 301
7.6.4 • Lightweight Concrete 302
7.6.5 • Heavyweight Concrete 303
7.6.6 • High-Strength Concrete 304
7.6.7 • Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 305
7.6.8 • Polymers and Concrete 305
7.6.9 • Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 305
7.6.10 • Roller-Compacted Concrete 306
7.6.11 • High-Performance Concrete 307
Summary 308
Questions and Problems 308
7.7 References 313
EIGHT Masonry 315
8.1 Masonry Units 315
8.1.1 • Concrete Masonry Units 316
8.1.2 • Clay Bricks 321
8.2 Mortar 324
8.3 Grout 324
8.4 Plaster 325
Summary 325
Questions and Problems 325
8.5 References 328
NINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures 329
9.1 Types of Asphalt Products 332
9.2 Uses of Asphalt 334
9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt 337
9.4 Chemical Properties of Asphalt 340
9.5 Superpave and Performance Grade Binders 342
9.6 Characterization of Asphalt Cement 342
9.6.1 • Performance Grade Characterization Approach 342
9.6.2 • Performance Grade Binder Characterization 343
9.6.3 • Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests 348
9.7 Classification of Asphalt 350
9.7.1 • Asphalt Binders 350
9.7.2 • Asphalt Cutbacks 356
9.7.3 • Asphalt Emulsions 356
9.8 Asphalt Concrete 357
9.9 Asphalt Concrete Mix Design 358
9.9.1 • Specimen Preparation in the Laboratory 358
9.9.2 • Density and Voids Analysis 362
9.9.3 • Superpave Mix Design 365
9.9.4 • Superpave Refinement 374
9.9.5 • Marshall Method of Mix Design 374
9.9.6 • Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility 382
9.10 Characterization of Asphalt Concrete 383
9.10.1 • Indirect Tensile Strength 384
9.10.2 • Diametral Tensile Resilient Modulus 384
9.10.3 • Freeze and Thaw Test 386
9.10.4 • Superpave Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests 386
9.11 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production and Construction 390
9.11.1 • Production of Raw Materials 390
9.11.2 • Manufacturing Asphalt Concrete 390
9.11.3 • Field Operations 391
9.12 Recycling of Asphalt Concrete 394
9.12.1 • RAP Evaluation 395
9.12.2 • RAP Mix Design 395
9.12.3 • RAP Production and Construction 395
9.13 Additives 397
9.13.1 • Fillers 397
9.13.2 • Extenders 397
9.13.3 • Polymer Modified Asphalt 397
9.13.4 • Antistripping Agents 399
9.13.5 • Others 399
9.14 Warm Mix 399
Summary 401
Questions and Problems 402
9.15 References 409
TEN Wood 411
10.1 Structure of Wood 413
10.1.1 • Growth Rings 413
10.1.2 • Anisotropic Nature of Wood 415
10.2 Chemical Composition 416
10.3 Moisture Content 417
10.4 Wood Production 419
10.4.1 • Cutting Techniques 421
10.4.2 • Seasoning 422
10.5 Lumber Grades 423
10.5.1 • Hardwood Grades 424
10.5.2 • Softwood Grades 425
10.6 Defects in Lumber 426
10.7 Physical Properties 429
10.7.1 • Specific Gravity and Density 429
10.7.2 • Thermal Properties 429
10.7.3 • Electrical Properties 431
10.8 Mechanical Properties 431
10.8.1 • Modulus of Elasticity 431
10.8.2 • Strength Properties 432
10.8.3 • Load Duration 432
10.8.4 • Damping Capacity 433
10.9 Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties 433
10.9.1 • Flexure Test of Structural Members (ASTM D198) 434
10.9.2 • Flexure Test of Small, Clear Specimen (ASTM D143) 436
10.10 Design Considerations 437
10.11 Organisms that Degrade Wood 437
10.11.1 • Fungi 438
10.11.2 • Insects 438
10.11.3 • Marine Organisms 438
10.11.4 • Bacteria 438
10.12 Wood Preservation 439
10.12.1 • Petroleum-Based Solutions 439
10.12.2 • Waterborne Preservatives 439
10.12.3 • Application Techniques 440
10.12.4 • Construction Precautions 440
10.13 Engineered Wood Products 441
10.13.1 • Structural Panels/Sheets 443
10.13.2 • Structural Shapes 445
10.13.3 • Composite Structural Members 455
Summary 456
Questions and Problems 456
10.14 References 462
ELEVEN Composites 463
11.1 Microscopic Composites 465
11.1.1 • Fiber-Reinforced Composites 465
11.1.2 • Particle-Reinforced Composites 467
11.1.3 • Matrix Phase 467
11.1.4 • Fabrication 467
11.1.5 • Civil Engineering Applications 468
11.2 Macroscopic Composites 473
11.2.1 • Plain Portland Cement Concrete 473
11.2.2 • Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete 474
11.2.3 • Asphalt Concrete 474
11.2.4 • Engineered Wood 475
11.3 Properties of Composites 475
11.3.1 • Loading Parallel to Fibers 476
11.3.2 • Loading Perpendicular to Fibers 477
11.3.3 • Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites 479
11.3.4 • Particle-Reinforced Composites 479
Summary 480
Questions and Problems 480
11.4 References 482
Appendix 483
Experiments
1. Introduction to Measuring Devices 484
2. Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum 487
3. Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum 490
4. Impact Test of Steel 493
5. Microscopic Inspection of Materials 496
6. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates 497
7. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate 501
8. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate 503
9. Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 505
10. Slump of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete 508
11. Unit Weight and Yield of Freshly Mixed Concrete 511
12. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure Method 513
13. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric Method 515
14. Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams 517
15. Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with Sulfur or Capping Compound 521
16. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 523
17. Flexural Strength of Concrete 526
18. Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete 529
19. Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete 531
20. Testing of Concrete Masonry Units 534
21. Viscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational Viscometer 537
22. Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt Binder 539
23. Penetration Test of Asphalt Cement 541
24. Absolute Viscosity Test of Asphalt 543
25. Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor 545
26. Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens Using the Marshall Compactor 548
27. Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures 551
28. Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Concrete 553
29. Bending (Flexure) Test of Wood 555
30. Tensile Properties of Plastics 561
Index 576
Recenzii
“This is one of the most comprehensive and up to date CE materials textbooks available.”
-Jose Weissmann, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
“This book is very well written and easy to follow. The contents of aggregates, Portland cement concrete, and asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures are exactly what I need for teaching my transportation materials course.”
-Jie Han, KANSAS STATE
-Jose Weissmann, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
“This book is very well written and easy to follow. The contents of aggregates, Portland cement concrete, and asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures are exactly what I need for teaching my transportation materials course.”
-Jie Han, KANSAS STATE
Caracteristici
- This text limits the vast amount of information available on civil and construction engineering to an introductory level, concentrates on current practices, and extracts information that is relevant to the general education of civil and construction engineers. The text is organized into three parts:
- Introduction to Materials Engineering: The first section introduces the basic mechanistic properties of materials, environmental influences, basic material classes, and the atomic structure of materials.
- Characteristics of Materials Used in Civil and Construction Engineering: The second section, which represents a large portion of the book, presents the characteristics of the primary material types used in civil and construction engineering: steel, aluminum, aggregate, concrete, masonry, asphalt, wood, and composites.
- Laboratory Methods for the Evaluation of Materials: The third part of the book is a lab manual that includes typical experiments performed by students at this level.
- The discussion of each type of material includes information on the following:
- Basic structure of the materials
- Material production process
- Mechanistic behavior of the material and other properties
- Environmental influences
- Construction considerations
- Special topics related to the material discussed in each chapter
- Each chapter includes an overview of various test procedures to introduce the test methods used with each material.
- A large number of figures display concepts and equipment.
- Numerous sample problems and homework problems in each chapter enable professors to vary assignments between semesters.
- A number of laboratory test methods are described. The number of laboratory tests in the book is more than what is needed in a typical semester in order to provide more flexibility to the instructor to use the available equipment.
- A complete set of slides and a solution manual are available to instructors.
Caracteristici noi
The third edition maintains the structure of the first two editions with several refinements and enhancements.
- Chapter 1 was augmented with a discussion of sustainable design and the “Leadership in Environment and Energy Design” concept is introduced.
- Chapter 2 was edited to enhance the clarity of the presentation of some topics. However, the basic concepts presented in this chapter have not changed so the content is similar to the second edition.
- Chapter 3 was edited and updated.
- Discussion of the open hearth furnace was removed since they are no longer used for steel production.
- A section on cold-formed steel was added in recognition of the increased use of this product in the industry. Inclusion of cold-formed steel provides a practical example of the use of strain hardening to increase the strength of a material.
- Information on the marking codes used for reinforcing steel was added.
- A sample problem was added to Chapter 4 to highlight the influence of the differences in the modulus of elasticity between steel and aluminum on the behavior of structures.
- Chapter 5 edits and revisions include:
- Terminology for aggregate sizes was consolidated and moved to the front of the chapter.
- The consensus aggregate properties required for Superpave are defined and the test methods are described.
- A robust method for preparing gradation charts using a spreadsheet program is presented in a sample problem.
- Chapter 6 was carefully reviewed for content and accuracy and minor changes were incorporated but the bulk of the chapter was unaltered.
- The key alteration to Chapter 7 was to clarify the appropriate use of maximum and nominal maximum aggregate size for PCC mix design.
- Chapter 8 was edited for technical content. The discussion of concrete masonry units and mortar was revised to comply with current practices.
- Chapter 9 was fully edited to reflect the most recent changes on the industry.
- Discussion of the Hveem mix design method was removed. The Marshall method was retained since it is still being used by local agencies and internationally.
- Determination of bulk and maximum theoretical specific gravity was enhanced.
- Polymer modified asphalt and recycling of asphalt concrete are more fully described.
- Warm mix asphalt is a new addition to this edition of the book.
- Asphalt concrete production and construction are more fully described.
- Chapter 10 was edited to ensure the content reflects current industry practices. In particular, the discussion of Fiber Saturation Point and the associated shrinkage/swell problems with moisture changes was altered.
- Chapter 11 was edited for technical content and current industry practices. In the laboratory manual, the experiment on testing of wood was modified to include flexure testing of structural size lumber.
- In addition to the technical content revisions, there are many new figures to display concepts and equipment. Sample problems and homework problems have been either edited or new problems added to each chapter to allow professors to vary assignments between semesters.