Medical Device Interoperability in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) did not undergo any significant innovation in the past 30 years. This is the reason why data integration of medical device data into Electronic Medical Records (EMR/EHR) and Population Health Management applications is complex, cost-intensive, expensive to maintain, and barely functional. Interoperability between the medical devices does not exist at all. This book uncovers the barriers in innovation and standardization, and explains the economic drivers. Further a technology concept is developed based on Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which will enable functional medical device interoperability and true cyber-physical systems in the ICU. This will allow precision medicine, on a health tech level, in the ICU, automation of common procedures, e.g. Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA), dramatically increase the patient experience and, most important, patient safety. It will save the health care providers tens of billions of Euros (globally) and significantly reduce the rate of avoidable deaths in the ICU.