Since the Stuxnet infection of the Natanz nuclear facility, there has been an evolution of global cyber operations. As demonstrated by the NotPetya, Solarwinds and Hafnium cyber-incidents, as well as online influence operations, cyber-operations attributed to states or state-backed actors are becoming increasingly common. This book provides insight into nation-state cyber operations from technical and geopolitical perspectives conducive to providing a multi-disciplinary view of how nations conduct offensive cyber operations and defend themselves from other actors in cyberspace. Topics covered include policy and international law for cyberspace, cyber operations related to healthcare and the COVID-19 pandemic, joint all domain warfare, risk assessment and critical infrastructure protection.