This book explores the application of Rupert Smith's theory regarding the utility of force and the six characteristics thereof, using NATO's 1999 Operation ALLIED FORCE (the Kosovo campaign) as a case study. Smith's theory and conclusions provide insight for both political and military leaders interested in the profession of arms. The book investigates the events leading up to the conflict highlighting tensions within NATO and the intricacy of conducting alliance warfare as well as the need to determine NATO's role in a post-Cold War world. Focusing mainly on the U.S., the campaign reveals tensions in civil-military relations and tensions within the U.S. Department of Defense.