Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems: IEEE Press

List of Contributors xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 Satish K. Sharma and Jia-Chi S. Chieh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antenna: an Integral Component of Wireless Communications 1 1.3 Antenna Performance Parameters 2 1.4 Antenna Types 2 1.5 Multifunctional Antennas 3 1.6 Reconfigurable Antennas 6 1.7 Frequency Agile/Tunable Antenna 13 1.8 Antenna Measurements 17 1.9 Conclusion 18 References 18 2 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas 19 Saeed I. Latif and Satish K. Sharma 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Mechanism of Frequency Reconfigurability 20 2.3 Types of FRAs 21 2.3.1 Frequency Reconfigurability by Switches/Tunable Components 21 2.3.1.1 Electrical Switches 22 2.3.1.2 Varactor Diodes 31 2.3.1.3 Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) Switches 40 2.3.1.4 Optical Switches 40 2.3.1.5 Ground Plane Membrane Deflection 43 2.3.2 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Materials 43 2.3.2.1 Liquid Crystals 45 2.3.2.2 Graphene 47 2.3.3 Frequency Reconfigurability by Mechanical Changes 49 2.3.3.1 Actuators 49 2.3.3.2 Motors 50 2.3.4 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Shapes 53 2.3.4.1 Origami Antennas 53 2.3.4.2 Fractal Shapes 54 2.4 FRAs in the Future: Applications in Emerging Technologies 58 2.5 Conclusion 59 References 59 3 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 67 Sima Noghanian and Satish K. Sharma 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Antenna Elements 67 3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Feeding Network 88 3.4 Mechanically Controlled Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 90 3.5 Arrays and Optimizations 98 3.6 Reconfigurable Wearable and Implanted Antennas 110 3.7 Conclusion 119 References 119 4 Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 122 Behrouz Babakhani and Satish K. Sharma 4.1 Introduction 122 4.2 Polarization Reconfiguration Mechanism Using RF Switches 124 4.3 Solid-State RF Switch-Based Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 125 4.4 Mechanical and Micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) RF Switch-Based Antennas 140 4.5 Switchable Feed Network-Based Polarization Reconfiguration 148 4.6 Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas Using Metasurface 157 4.7 Other Methods to Create Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 162 4.8 Conclusion 169 References 169 5 Liquid Metal, Piezoelectric, and RF MEMS-Based Reconfigurable Antennas 172 Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma 5.1 Introduction 172 5.2 Liquid Metal - Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas 172 5.3 Liquid Metal - Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 175 5.4 Liquid Metal - Directivity Reconfigurable Antennas 182 5.5 Piezoelectric - Pattern Reconfigurable Array 184 5.6 RF MEMS - Frequency Reconfigurable 189 5.7 RF MEMS - Polarization Reconfigurable 191 5.8 RF MEMS - Pattern Reconfigurable 194 5.9 Conclusion 196 References 197 6 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas 198 Sima Noghanian and Satish K. Sharma 6.1 Introduction 198 6.2 Reconfigurable Pixel Antenna 199 6.3 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas Using Fluidic 209 6.4 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas Using Ferrite and Magnetic Materials 213 6.5 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 224 6.6 Conclusion 229 References 229 7 Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas 232 Kumud R. Jha and Satish K. Sharma 7.1 Introduction 232 7.2 Reconfigurable Antennas for MIMO Applications 234 7.3 Isolation Techniques in MIMO Antennas 237 7.3.1 Decoupling Network 237 7.3.2 Neutralization Lines 238 7.3.3 Using Artificial Material 240 7.3.4 Defected Ground Plane 241 7.4 Pattern Diversity Scheme 241 7.5 Reconfigurable Polarization MIMO Antenna 244 7.6 MIMO Antenna Performance Parameters 254 7.6.1 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) 254 7.6.2 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) 255 7.6.3 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) 256 7.6.4 Diversity Gain 257 7.7 Some Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna Examples 258 7.8 Conclusion 274 References 274 8 Multifunctional Antennas for 4G/5G Communications and MIMO Applications 279 Kumud R. Jha and Satish K. Sharma 8.1 Introduction 279 8.2 MIMO Antennas in Multifunctional Systems 281 8.3 MIMO Antennas in Radar Systems 284 8.4 MIMO Antennas in Communication Systems 290 8.5 MIMO Antennas for Sensing Applications 290 8.6 MIMO Antennas for 5G Systems 292 8.7 Massive MIMO Array 293 8.8 Dielectric Lens for Millimeter Wave MIMO 298 8.9 Beamforming in Massive MIMO 301 8.10 MIMO in Imaging Systems 303 8.11 MIMO Antenna in Medical Applications 306 8.11.1 Ex-VIVO Applications 306 8.11.2 MIMO Antenna for Medical Imaging 309 8.11.3 Wearable MIMO Antenna 309 8.11.4 MIMO Indigestion Capsule 310 8.11.5 Reconfigurable Antennas in Bio-Medical Engineering 313 8.12 Conclusion 316 References 317 9 Metamaterials in Reconfigurable Antennas 321 Saeed I. Latif and Satish K. Sharma 9.1 Introduction 321 9.2 Metamaterials in Antenna Reconfigurability 321 9.3 Metamaterial-Inspired Reconfigurable Antennas 322 9.3.1 Metamaterial-Based Frequency Reconfigurability 323 9.3.2 Metamaterial-Based Pattern Reconfigurability 325 9.3.3 Metamaterial-Based Polarization Reconfigurability 328 9.4 Metasurface-Inspired Reconfigurable Antennas 333 9.5 Conclusion 336 References 337 10 Multifunctional Antennas for User Equipments (UEs) 341 Satish K. Sharma and Sonika P. Biswal 10.1 Introduction 341 10.2 Lower/ Sub-6 GHz 5G Band Antennas 342 10.3 5G mm-Wave Antenna Arrays 353 10.4 Collocated Sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave 5G Array Antennas 360 10.5 RF and EMF Exposure Limits 369 10.6 Conclusion 374 References 374 11 DoD Reconfigurable Antennas 378 Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma 11.1 Introduction 378 11.2 TACAN 378 11.2.1 TACAN Antenna 379 11.2.2 Course Bearing 382 11.2.3 Fine Bearing 382 11.3 Sea-Based X-Band Radar 1 (SBX-1) 383 11.4 The Advanced Multifunction RF Concept (AMRFC) 384 11.5 Integrated Topside (InTop) 390 11.5.1 Wavelength Scaled Arrays 390 11.5.2 Low-Cost Multichannel Microwave Frequency Phased Array Chipsets on Si and SiGe 394 11.6 DARPA Arrays of Commercial Timescales (ACT) 400 11.7 AFRL Transformational Element Level Array (TELA) 405 11.8 Conclusion 406 References 408 12 5G Silicon RFICs-Based Phased Array Antennas 409 Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma 12.1 Introduction 409 12.2 Silicon Beamformer Technology 409 12.3 LO-Based Phase Shifting 413 12.4 IF-Based Phase Shifting 414 12.5 RF-Based Phase Shifting 415 12.6 Ku-Band Phased Arrays Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 422 12.7 Ku-Band Phased Arrays on ROHACELL Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 425 12.8 Ku-Band Phased Arrays with Wide Axial Ratios Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 431 12.9 28GHz Phased Arrays Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 433 12.10 Phased Array Reflectors Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 438 12.11 Conclusion 442 References 443 Index 445