Multiplesclerosis(MS)isanautoimmunediseaseinwhichtheimmunesystemattacksthemyelinsheathsthatsurroundnervecells,producingavarietyofneurologicalsymptomssuchaslimbweaknessandsensoryloss.Inmostcases,thediseaseprogressivelyworsensovertime,leadingtosevereimpairmentsinmobilityandcognition.Variousmedicationsmayslowthisprogression,butthediseaseiscurrentlyincurableandunpreventable.Writtenandeditedbyexpertsinthefield,thiscollectionfromColdSpringHarborPerspectivesinMedicinecapturesourcurrentunderstandingoftheinflammatoryprocessesthatleadtodemyelinationandneurodegenerationinMS,aswellasthetreatmentoptionsthatareavailable.ContributorsdiscussthegeneticandenvironmentaltriggersthatmaycontributetotheinitiationofMSandtherolesoffactorssuchasBcells,Tcells,microglia,astrocytes,andthemicrobiomeintheautoimmuneresponseanddiseaseprogression.ThevariousMSsubtypesandclinicalcoursesarecovered,asarecurrentandpotentialbiomarkersfordiagnosingandmonitoringthedisease.Theauthorsalsoexaminedisease-modifyingtherapiesforMS,includinghematopoieticstemcelltransplantation,interferon,glatirameracetate,monoclonalantibodies(e.g.,ocrelizumab),andvariousoralagents.ThisvolumeisthereforeanessentialreferencefornotonlyimmunologistsandneuroscientistsseekingtounderstandthebiologicalbasisofMS,butallphysiciansandclinician-scientistswishingtotreatandultimatelypreventthedisease.