Nanotechnology in Medicine – Toxicity and Safety

Autor M Rai

en Limba Engleză Hardback – 17 noi 2021

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

Discover thorough insights into the toxicology of nanomaterials used in medicine

In Nanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety, an expert team of nanotechnologists delivers a robust and up-to-date review of current and future applications of nanotechnology in medicine with a special focus on neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diagnostics, nano-nutraceuticals, dermatology, and gene therapy. The editors offer resources that address nanomaterial safety, which tends to be the greatest hurdle to obtaining the benefits of nanomedicine in healthcare.

The book is a one-stop resource for recent and comprehensive information on the toxico logical and safety aspects of nanotechnology used in human health and medicine. It provides readers with cutting-edge techniques for delivering therapeutic agents into targeted cellular compartments, cells, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. The book also offers methodological considerations for toxicity, safety, and risk assessment.

Nanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety also provides readers with:

A thorough introduction to the nanotoxicological aspects of nanomedicine, including translational nanomedicine and nanomedicine personalization
Comprehensive introductions to nanoparticle toxicity and safety, including selenium nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles
Practical discussions of nanotoxicology and drug delivery, including gene delivery using nanocarriers and the use of nanomaterials for ocular delivery applications
In-depth examinations of nanotechnology ethics and the regulatory framework of nanotechnology and medicine

Perfect for researchers, post-doctoral candidates, and specialists in the fields of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and nanocarriers, Nanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety will also prove to be an indispensable part of the libraries of nanoengineering, nanomedicine, and biopharmaceutical professionals and nanobiotechnologists.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781119769866
ISBN-10: 1119769868
Pagini: 448
Dimensiuni: 185 x 261 x 33 mm
Greutate: 0.99 kg
Editura: Wiley
Locul publicării:Chichester, United Kingdom

Descriere

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

Discover thorough insights into the toxicology of nanomaterials used in medicine

Nanotechnology in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety also provides readers with:

A thorough introduction to the nanotoxicological aspects of nanomedicine, including translational nanomedicine and nanomedicine personalization
Comprehensive introductions to nanoparticle toxicity and safety, including selenium nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles
Practical discussions of nanotoxicology and drug delivery, including gene delivery using nanocarriers and the use of nanomaterials for ocular delivery applications
In-depth examinations of nanotechnology ethics and the regulatory framework of nanotechnology and medicine

Cuprins

Preface xiii List of Contributors xv List of Abbreviations xix Part I Nanomedicine: Nanotoxicological Insights 1 1 Nanomedicines: Applications and Toxicological Concerns 3 Mrunali Patel, Rashmin Patel, and Mahendra Rai 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Nanomedicine's Revolution 9 1.3 Potential Applications of Nanomedicine 10 1.3.1 Diagnosis 10 1.3.2 Drug Delivery 12 1.3.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 17 1.4 Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine 18 1.5 Nanotoxicological Challenges 19 1.6 Safety Issues and Regulations 22 1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 23 References 24 2 Microbial Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as Nanotechnological Tools for Medicine: Applications, Advantages, Toxicity, and Safety 29 Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Fernanda Gonçalves, Nayelen Sayuri Aizawa, Henrique Paiva Pereira, Talita Martins Lacerda, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Natural Polymers: Conceptualization, Classifications, and Physicochemical Characteristics 30 2.3 Applications of Biopolymers in Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, and Drug Delivery Systems of Therapeutic Importance 35 2.4 Safety of Microbial Biopolymers Used in Nanoscale-Systems for Therapeutic Applications 38 2.5 Conclusions 40 References 41 Part II Nanoparticles: Toxicity and Safety 47 3 Selenium Nanoparticles: Toxicity and Safety 49 Irina A. Shurygina, Irina S. Trukhan, Nataliya N. Dremina, and Michael G. Shurygin 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Selenium Forms 50 3.3 Toxicity of Selenium Nanoparticles 52 3.4 Toxicity Mechanisms 56 3.5 Conclusion 60 References 60 4 Impact of Nanoparticles on Protozoa 67 Daniela Plachá and Josef Jampílek 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1 Antiprotozoal Drugs 72 4.2 Nanosystems 74 4.2.1 Preparation and Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Systems 75 4.3 Nanosystems with Effect on Human Parasitic Protozoa 77 4.3.1 Malaria 77 4.3.2 Trypanosomiases 79 4.3.3 Leishmaniasis 81 4.3.4 Toxoplasmosis 87 4.3.5 Cryptosporidium 89 4.3.6 Acanthamoeba 90 4.4 Nanosystems with Effect on Veterinary Parasitic Protozoa 91 4.5 Nanomaterial Toxicity on Beneficial Protozoa 93 4.6 Conclusion 96 Acknowledgment 97 References 97 5 Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Pressing Issue 109 Tejal Mehta, Dhaivat Parikh, Kartik Hariharan, Namdev Dhas, and Viral Patel 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles and Influence of Physicochemical Properties 110 5.2.1 Toxicity of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 110 5.2.2 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles 112 5.2.2.1 Physicochemical Factors Influencing AuNPs' Toxicity 112 5.2.3 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 115 5.2.4 Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 117 5.2.5 Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 118 5.2.6 Physicochemical Properties Affecting Toxicity 119 5.3 Accumulation and Toxicity of Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Various Organs 119 5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 128 Acknowledgment 128 References 128 6 Toxicity, Safety, and Biodistribution of Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 137 Mansi Athalye, Rashmin Patel, and Mrunali Patel 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Bioapplicability of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 138 6.3 Biodistribution, Toxicity, and Safety of MSN 139 6.3.1 Factors Affecting Biodistribution of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 140 6.3.1.1 Particle Size 140 6.3.1.2 Particle Shape 142 6.3.1.3 Functionalization 142 6.3.1.4 Dose 144 6.3.1.5 Route of Administration 145 6.4 Safety Evaluation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 145 6.4.1 Cytotoxicity 146 6.4.2 Tissue Compatibility 147 6.4.3 Genotoxicity 147 6.4.4 Immunotoxicity 148 6.4.5 Autophagy 148 6.4.6 Endothelial Dysfunction and Toxic Effects on Blood Cells 149 6.4.7 Blood Compatibility 149 6.4.8 Neurotoxicity 149 6.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 149 References 153 7 Safety and Toxicity Issues of Polymeric Nanoparticles: A Serious Concern 156 Priya Patel, Naimish Vyas, and Mihir Raval 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Application of Nanomaterials 157 7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles (NPs) 157 7.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 158 7.3.1.1 Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles 159 7.3.1.2 Polymers Used in the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles 159 7.3.1.3 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles 160 7.3.1.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 162 7.4 Nanotoxicology 163 7.4.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 163 7.4.2 Tissue Toxicity of Nanomedicine 164 7.4.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity 164 7.4.4 Toxicity of Polymeric Nanoparticles 164 7.4.5 Nanoformulations Showing Toxicity 165 7.5 Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines by Methodological Considerations 167 7.5.1 Nanoparticles Safety Study 168 7.5.2 Methodological Considerations for Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines 169 7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 170 References 170 8 Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles for Their Use in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety 174 Sadhucharan Mallick and Piyali Sabui 8.1 Introduction 174 8.2 Green Synthesis Methods of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 176 8.2.1 Fungi-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 176 8.2.2 Actinomycetes-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 176 8.2.3 Bacteria-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177 8.2.4 Algae-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177 8.2.5 Phytochemical-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles 177 8.2.6 Biomolecule and Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 178 8.3 Purification of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 179 8.4 Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 179 8.5 Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles as Nanomedicines 179 8.5.1 Application as Antibacterial Agents 179 8.5.2 Application as Antifungal Agents 182 8.5.3 Application as Antiviral Agents 182 8.5.4 Application as a Targeted Drug Delivery System 182 8.5.5 Application as Anticancer Agents 183 8.5.6 Applications in Molecular Imaging 184 8.6 Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 184 8.6.1 Nanotoxicology 184 8.6.2 Different Types of Toxicity 185 8.6.3 Toxicity Effect of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 185 8.7 Safety Implications of Copper and Copper-Based Nanoparticles 186 8.8 Future Perspectives 187 8.9 Conclusion 188 References 189 Part III Nanotoxicology and Drug Delivery 195 9 Gene Delivery Using Nanocarriers: Toxicity and Safety Aspects 197 Imran Vhora and Nirav Khatri 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Nanocarrier Types 198 9.2.1 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 198 9.2.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers 200 9.3 Target Diseases and Routes of Administration 200 9.4 Learnings from Clinical Trials 214 9.4.1 Toxicity with Systemic Delivery - Intravenous Administration 215 9.4.2 Toxicity with Local Delivery 215 9.4.2.1 Pulmonary Delivery 216 9.4.2.2 Intratumoral and Other Local Delivery in Cancer 216 9.4.2.3 Subcutaneous, Intradermal, and Intramuscular Delivery 216 9.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Gene Delivery Nanocarriers 217 9.5.1 Cellular Damage and Inflammatory Mediators 217 9.5.2 ROS Induction 219 9.5.2.1 Off-target Effects of the Genetic Cargo 219 9.6 Overcoming Toxicity Issues with Nanocarrier-Mediated Gene Therapy 220 9.6.1 Modification of Genetic Cargoes 220 9.6.2 Modification of Nanocarrier System 220 9.6.2.1 Optimizing Excipient Chemistry - Lipid and Polymer Chemistry 220 9.6.2.2 Modification of Nanocarrier Morphology 222 9.6.3 Preclinical Testing for Expected Toxicities 223 9.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 225 References 226 10 Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery 233 Mitali Patel and Priyanshi Patel 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Barriers Across Brain Delivery 234 10.2.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) 234 10.2.2 The Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (BCSF) Barrier 234 10.3 Role of Lipid Nanoparticles in Brain Delivery 235 10.3.1 Liposomes 236 10.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 236 10.3.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 237 10.3.4 Lipid-Drug Conjugates (LDCs) 237 10.3.5 Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles (LPHNPs) 238 10.4 Transport Mechanisms Involved for Brain Delivery 238 10.4.1 Paracellular Transport 238 10.4.2 Transcellular Transport 238 10.4.3 Carrier-mediated Transport 238 10.4.4 Receptor-mediated Endocytosis 238 10.4.5 Adsorptive-mediated Endocytosis 239 10.5 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles 239 10.6 Safety of Lipid Nanoparticles 240 10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 242 References 242 11 Risk Assessment of Injectable Nanoparticles Used as Nanomedicine 248 Marco Vinícius Chaud, Fernando Batain, Eliana Barbosa Souto, Patrícia Severino, Aleksandra ZieliDska, and Thais Francine Ribeiro Alves 11.1 Introduction 248 11.2 Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, and Nanoformulation 249 11.3 Injectable Nanoparticles Toxicity 251 11.4 Safety of Nanoparticles in Acute and Chronic Studies 253 11.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 254 References 255 12 Dermatological Delivery of Nanodrugs: Applications, Toxicity, and Safety 259 Saurabh Shivalkar, Arushi Verma, Vishal Singh, and Amaresh Kumar Sahoo 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 An Overview of Dermatology and Nanodrugs 260 12.3 Nanomaterials for Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs 262 12.4 Nanoformulations for Topical and Transdermal Delivery 265 12.5 Applications of Dermatological Nanodrugs and Its Delivery Mechanisms 268 12.5.1 Prevention 268 12.5.1.1 Antisepsis 268 12.5.1.2 Cosmetics and Photoprotection 269 12.5.2 Diagnosis 269 12.5.3 Therapeutic Applications 270 12.5.3.1 Phototherapy 270 12.5.3.2 Sebaceous Gland Disorders 270 12.5.3.3 Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases 270 12.5.3.4 Other Therapeutic Applications 270 12.6 Toxicity Evaluation of Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs 271 12.6.1 Nanodrugs and Toxicity Due to Penetration 271 12.6.2 Genotoxicity 273 12.7 Safety Considerations 273 12.8 Limitations and Risk 274 12.9 Conclusion 274 References 275 13 Nanonutraceuticals: Considerations for Toxicity and Safety Assessment 281 Shah Esha Bhavin and Anuradha Ketan Gajjar 13.1 Introduction 281 13.2 Novel Carrier-Based Drug Delivery Systems 282 13.2.1 Lipidic Nanosystems 283 13.2.1.1 Non-Vesicular Systems 283 13.2.1.2 Vesicular Systems 283 13.2.2 Polymeric Nanosystems 283 13.2.3 Lipid Polymer Nanosystems 285 13.3 Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles 285 13.4 Approaches for Biodegradable Nanoparticles 289 13.5 Modified Nanocarriers (Nanosponges) 291 13.5.1 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges 291 13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 293 References 293 14 Current Challenges and Future Needs for Nanotoxicity and Nanosafety Assessment 299 Ravish J. Patel, Amit Alexander, Anu Puri, and Bappaditya Chatterjee 14.1 Introduction 299 14.2 Nanomaterials: Risk Assessment 302 14.3 The Hurdles in Toxicity Evaluation of Nanomaterials 304 14.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials' Characterization 304 14.3.1.1 Size of Nanomaterials 304 14.3.1.2 Composition Effects 304 14.3.1.3 Surface-Related Effects 304 Agglomeration 305 14.3.1.5 Solubility 305 14.3.1.6 Surface Charge and Dispersity 305 14.3.1.7 Dose Metric 305 14.3.2 In vitro, In vivo, and In silico Approaches for the Assessment of Toxicity for the Nanomaterials 305 14.4 Nanosafety Assessment Tools 307 14.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 308 References 310 Part IV Nanotechnology, Ethics, and Regulatory Framework 315 15 Safety Regulations for the Use of Nanotechnological Products for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Literature Review 317 Raquel Von Hohendorff, Wilson Engelmann, and Daniele Weber S. Leal 15.1 Introduction 317 15.2 The State-of-the-art of Biomedical Applications of Nano-Products 318 15.3 The Scientific Perspective on Nano-products for Biomedical Applications, Risks, and Regulations 322 15.4 Using RRI as a Methodological Pathway Toward Communication Between the Science System and the Law System 324 15.5 Final Considerations and New Propositions 340 Notes 341 References 342 16 Nanoethics and Nanotechnology 349 Iti Chauhan, Madhu Verma, and Mohd Yasir 16.1 Introduction 349 16.1.1 Types of Nanotechnology 349 16.1.2 Applications of Nanotechnology 349 16.2 Nanoethics 351 16.2.1 Regulatory Agencies 354 16.2.1.1 Nanotechnology and State Regulation (India) 355 16.2.2 Distributive Justice 356 16.2.2.1 Bridging the Gap 357 16.2.3 Nanoweapons 358 16.2.4 Ethics in Nanomedicine 358 16.2.4.1 Ethics in Research and Development 359 16.2.4.2 Health and Safety Issues 360 16.2.4.3 Toxicity Associated with Nanoparticulate System 361 16.2.5 Privacy and Confidentiality 361 16.2.6 Human Enhancement 362 16.2.7 Nanopollution 363 16.2.7.1 Health Issues 363 16.2.7.2 Measuring Nanomaterials' Concentration in the Environment 364 16.2.7.3 Environmental Issues 365 16.2.7.4 Social Issues 365 16.2.7.5 Speculative Issue 366 16.2.8 Educational Issues 367 16.2.9 Biological Issues 367 16.3 Conclusion 368 References 368 17 Current Regulatory Framework in Nanotechnology and Medicine 373 Nitin Dubey and Nidhi Dubey 17.1 Introduction 373 17.1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials 374 17.1.2 Nanoparticles 374 17.2 Quality Attributes and Regulatory Concerns of Nanomaterials 375 17.2.1 Physicochemical Characterization 375 17.2.2 Nonclinical Studies for Nanomaterials 376 17.2.3 Clinical Studies for Nanomaterials 377 17.2.4 Identification of Hazardous Material 377 17.2.5 Exposure Risk to Humans and Environment During Nanomaterial Manufacturing, Storage, or Disposal 378 17.3 Quality Assessment of Nanomedicines 380 17.4 Current Regulatory Framework over Nanomaterials 381 17.4.1 USA 382 17.4.1.1 ANSI 387 17.4.1.2 ASTM 387 17.4.2 European Union 387 17.4.2.1 CEN 390 17.4.3 Taiwan 390 17.4.4 Iran 390 17.4.5 Canada 390 17.4.6 Australia 391 17.4.7 Japan 392 17.4.8 India 392 17.4.9 People's Republic of China 393 17.4.10 Republic of Korea 394 17.4.11 Russia 394 17.4.12 WHO 394 17.4.13 OECD 394 17.4.14 ISO 396 17.4.15 VAMAS 397 17.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 401 References 402 Index 407

Notă biografică

Mahendra Rai, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, India. Professor Rai has edited more than 60 books and published over 400 research papers and reviews in international peer-reviewed journals. Mrunali Patel, PhD, is Professor at Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India. She has written several book chapters and over 100 research papers, reviews, and technical articles. Her research focuses on nanodrug delivery. Rashmin Patel, PhD, is Professor at Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa,Gujarat, India. He has written several book chapters and over 100 research papers, reviews, and technical articles. His research is focused on nanoassessment.

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