New Essays on Human Understanding Abridged edition de G. W. Leibniz

New Essays on Human Understanding Abridged edition

G. W. Leibniz

Peter Remnant

Jonathan Bennett

This is an abridgement of the complete translation of the New Essays, first published in 1981, designed for use as a study text. The material extraneous to philosophy - more than a third of the original - and the glossary of notes have been cut and a philosophical introduction and bibliography of work on Leibniz have been provided by the translators. The marginal pagination has been retained for ease of cross-reference to the full edition. The work itself is an acknowledged philosophical classic, in which Leibniz argues point by point with Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The result is the single most important confrontation between the philosophical traditions of rationalism and empiricism. It makes an extremely suitable focus for the study of Leibniz's thought and of those two traditions in relation to one another.

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Editors Introduction; Preface; Part I. Of Innate Notions: 1. Whether there are innate principles in the mind of man; 2. That there are no innate practical principles; 3. Other considerations concerning innate principles, both speculative and practical; Part II. Of Idea: 4. In which we discuss ideas in general and incidentally consider whether the soul of man always thinks; 5. Of simple ideas; 6. Of ideas of one sense; 7. Of solidity; 8. Of simple ideas of several sense; 9. Of simple ideas of reflection; 10. Of ideas of both sensation and reflection; 11. Some further considerations concerning simple ideas; 12. Of perception; 13. Of retention; 14. Of discerning or the faculty of distinguishing ideas; 15. Of complex ideas; 16. Of simple modes, and first, of the simple modes of space; 17. Of duration and its simple modes; 18. Of duration and expansion, considered together; 19. Of number; 20. Of infinity; 21. Of other simple modes; 22. Of the modes of thinking; 23. Of modes of pleasure and pain; 24. Of power and freedom; 25. Of mixed modes; 26. Of our complex ideas of substances; 27. Of collective ideas of substances; 28. Of relation; 29. Of cause and effect and other relations; 30. What identity or diversity is; 31. Of certain other relations, especially moral relations; 32. Of clear and obscure, distinct and confused ideas; 33. Of real and chimerical ideas; 34. Of complete and incomplete ideas; 35. Of true and false ideas; 36. Of the association of ideas; Part III. Of Words: 37. Of words or language in general; 38. Of the signification of words; 39. Of general terms; 40. Of the names of simple ideas; 41. Of the names of mixed modes and relations; 42. Of the names of substances; 43. Of particles; 44. Of abstract and concrete terms; 45. Of the imperfection of words; 46. Of the abuse of words; 47. Of the remedies of the foregoing imperfections and abuses; Part IV. Of Knowledge: 48. Of knowledge in general; 49. Of the degrees of our knowledge; 50. Of the extent of human knowledge; 51. Of the reality of our knowledge; 52. Of truth in general; 53. Of universal propositions, their truth and certainty; 54. Of the propositions which are named maxims or axioms; 55. Of trifling propositions; 56. Of our knowledge of our existence; 57. Of our knowledge of the existence of God; 58. Of our knowledge of the existence of other things; 59. Of ways of increasing our knowledge; 60. Some further considerations concerning our knowledge; 61. Of judgement; 62. Of probability; 63. Of the degrees of assent; 64. Of reason; 65. Of faith and reason, and their distinct provinces; 66. Of enthusiasm; 67. Of error; 68. Of the division of the sciences; Bibliography; Index.