Archaeological science refers to the application and development of scientific techniques for the analysis of archaeological materials. It is also called archaeometry. It can be branched into following areas of physical and chemical dating methods, environmental approaches, artifact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing and conservation sciences. It uses a number of methods for analyzing artifacts, and determining their composition and provenance. Some of these methods are X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, scanning electron microscopy, etc. Dating methods play a crucial role in determining absolute dates for archaeological artifacts and strata. Some of the most widely used dating techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence dating, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to archaeological science. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.