While Nietzsche's and Foucault's thinking belongs to the established canon of philosophical, sociological and cultural studies debates, they are only tentatively received in medical ethics and medical theory. However, the works of these authors offer rich reflexion especially for the consequences of modern medicine. For the very first time in the German-speaking sphere, this volume combines contributions that trace Nietzsche's and Foucault's critical discussions of the production of knowledge, objectivity, and scientific quality in medicine, and draw connections to today's medicine, and especially to neuroscience and psychiatry, but also to new developments in medicine at the beginning and at the end of life.