"Reckoning with the hermeneutical struggle to make sense of Paul as both a historical figure and a canonical muse Matthew Novenson has become a leading voice advocating for the continuing relevance of historical-critical readings of Paul even as some New Testament scholars have turned to purely theological or political approaches. In this collection of a decade's worth of essays, Novenson puts contextual understandings of Paul's letters into conversation with their Christian reception history. After a new, programmatic introductory essay that frames the other eleven essays, Novenson explores topics including:the relation between theology and historical criticismthe place of Jews and gentiles in Paul's gospelPaul's relation to Judaismthe relevance of messianism to Paul's ChristologyPaul's eschatology in relation to ancient Jewish eschatologiesthe aptness of monotheism as a category for understanding antiquitythe reception of Paul by diverse early Christian writersthe peculiar place of Protestantism in the modern study of Paulthe debate over the recent Paul-within-Judaism movementanti-Judaism in modern New Testament scholarshipdisputes over Romans and Galatiansthe meta-question of what it would mean to get Paul right or wrongEngaging with numerous schools of thought in Pauline studies-Augustinian, Lutheran, New Perspective, apocalyptic, Paul-within-Judaism, religious studies, and more-while also rising above partisan disputes between schools, Novenson illuminates the ancient Mediterranean context of Paul's letters, their complicated afterlives in the history of interpretation, and the hermeneutical struggle to make sense of it all"