This report details the effect of price controls imposed by various U.S. trade partners on pharmaceutical prices, R&D, innovation, and U.S. consumers. The study examined the drug price regulatory systems of 11 OECD countries. A quantitative analysis of prices, revenues, and R&D effects based on available data was also conducted for nine OECD countries. For reasons explained in the report, two of these nine countries were excluded from further consideration. The results from the remaining six countries were then extrapolated to the total patented markets of five additional OECD countries. Thus, the final estimates of the impact of price controls on R&D and innovation are based on an analysis of 11 OECD countries.