The volume highlights recent and new developments in all fields of neuropeptides in biological homeostasis regulation such as body weight and metabolism, reproduction, osmotic pressure reproduction. Special attention given to the phylogenetic aspects of neuroendocrinology, from invertebrates to mammals including humans. The main target of the neuropeptides presented and discussed are newly found G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ligands such as orexin, ghrelin, GALP, NPW, neuromedin U, 26FRa, urotensin II and metastin, but other important neuropeptides such as GHRH, CCK, GnIH, ANP are discusssed. This volume is based on a conference held as a satellite symposium of the 9th VIP/PACAP and Related Peptides Symposium in Kagoshima in Oct 5-8th in 2009. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.