Planning for Community

Phil Heywood is a Fellow and former President of the Queensland Division of the Planning Institute of Australia. He's worked in regional and local planning in Australia, Britain, West Africa, and Malaysia. He is currently an Adjunct Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia.

Preface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Promises and Problems of Community Life 1 Introduction: the organization of the chapter 1 Part One, Current Cascades of Change 1 Part Two, Community Life and Change 6 Contemporary challenges to community life 7 Part Three, Competing Interpretations of Community Structure and Change 12 The roles of communication and collaboration 17 Applications of communication in community planning 19 Part Four, The Roles of Collaboration 20 Collaboration in practice 21 Conclusions 25 Endnotes 26 References 28 2 The Lives of Local Communities 33 Scope and scales of community 33 Social, economic and organisational characteristics of local communities 33 The strategies of social justice 40 Planning places 43 Community participation and governance 47 Conclusion: the durability of local communities of place and contact 50 Endnotes 50 References 50 3 Communities of Interest and Interaction 54 Introduction: scales of community organisation and issues 54 Cities as communities 54 Regional communities 57 National communities 59 Supranational political communities 62 Global communities 63 Integrating the many levels of community planning 65 Conclusions: mixed scanning for integrated community planning 68 Endnotes 69 References 70 4 Human Values and Community Goals 72 The place of values in planning 72 Value formation 72 The value of prosperity 73 The value of liberty 75 The values of social justice 77 Values for sustainable communities and environments 81 Relations among community values 87 The impacts of prosperity 87 The impacts of liberty 89 Social justice impacts 90 The demands for sustainability 90 Conclusions: how values can combine to solve problems and shape creative plans 91 Endnotes 92 References 95 5 Ways and Means 98 Introduction: the roles of art, science and craft in community planning 98 Art and creativity in planning 98 The creative roles of the written word 100 Creating wholeness within new and existing communities 101 The contributions of Christopher Alexander (1936-2022) 101 Planning as a craft 103 The four phases of planning 104 The logic of scientific discovery 105 Mistakes, problem- solving and human and social progress 107 Critical rationalist approach to planning 107 Common ground between scientific and planning method 108 Planning as craft and applied science 109 Political control and community participation 117 Conclusions: values- based methods for value fulfilment 120 Endnotes 120 References 121 6 Activities and Actions 124 Introduction: the organisation of the Chapter 124 The relations among values, activities and land uses 124 The contributions of systems thinking in managing activities 132 Activity systems analysis in practice 132 Conclusions: defining needs and exploring options for activity systems 137 Endnotes 137 References 138 7 Homes and Communities 140 Introduction: the contributions of shelter to family and community life 140 Challenges of population change in meeting global and local needs for shelter 140 Impacts and contributions of changing technology 143 Funding shelter 145 Balancing demands with supply for shelter 153 Conclusions: future directions for shelter 156 Endnotes 156 References 159 8 Facets of Community 162 Introduction and organisation of the Chapter 162 Levels and justifications for community intervention 162 The planning and organisation of work 164 Education: the place of learning in community life and development 171 The planning and delivery of health services 176 Conclusion: the many facets of community 181 Endnotes 181 References 183 9 Places, Spaces and Community Design 185 Introduction: organisation of the chapter 185 Places and their properties 185 Communal, collective and private places and spaces 190 The language of design and the vocabulary of space and place 196 Place- making: designing to make life 200 City shapes 204 Conclusion: bringing places to life 211 Endnotes 211 References 212 10 Community Governance and Participation Introduction: intentions and organisation of the chapter 214 Governance, government and community participation 214 Roles and responsibilities in governance and participation 215 Issues of freedom and order 222 The roles of negotiation and partnership in resolving conflicts 227 The development and evaluation of policies, proposals and community initiatives 227 Service activities of local government 230 Scales of community and their roles in governance and control 235 Conclusion: the contributions of participation and governance to community life 238 Endnotes 240 References 243 11 Conclusions: Community Planning Today and Tomorrow 246 Introduction: organisation and intentions of the chapter 246 Themes, roles and future directions: inclusion, negotiation, adaptation and invention 246 The future of community planning 250 Endnotes 254 References 255 Index 257