Since 2005, with the launch of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and various other developmental programs, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have shown perceptible progress in some of the crucial demographic and health indicators. However, there remain challenges and areas of concern pertaining to population growth, health outcomes, gender inequality, unmet needs, and nutrition among children. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar together contribute the most to the total births, unmet needs, and people below poverty line in the country. This book covers a wide range of issues on the interface between population and development in these areas of India. By using the data from Census, NFHS, DLHS, NSSO and other sources, the present volume highlights emerging challenges. This book will be a useful reference material for researchers and policymakers. Subject: India Studies, Environmental Studies, Development Studies]