In this book, the population issues of the Caucasus are discussed for the first time from the ancient period until the beginning of the 21st century. The ethnogenesis process of the population of the Caucasus is shown as one of the oldest in the world; their demographic development is analysed in the long historical period and the demographic situation of the contemporary Caucasus. Special attention is paid to the issues of the population of the Caucasus in the 19th and 20th centuries. This book stresses the exile process of hundreds of thousands of representatives of the North Caucasus people to Turkey, that was covertly organised by the Russian Empire in order to settle the Cossack-Russians in newly offered places. All these processes have significantly impeded the natural demographic development of the population of the Caucasus. This work pays particular attention to the armed ethno-political conflicts in the Caucasus, which impeded natural demographic processes, such as the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the conflicts in the former South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Chechnya. In order to study demographic events and processes in the Caucasus and for their qualitative evaluation, a special unit is denoted to the demographic situation in the Post Soviet area. This presented work covers a quite broad spectrum of issues; it is the first attempt to address the demographic development problems of the Caucasus.