The passage of India's Electricity Act of 2003 was a signature achievement, moving the sector toward amarket-driven approach that forced potential investors to compete aggressively for generation and transmission contracts. India's 2005 National Electricity Policy recognized electricity as one of the key drivers for rapid economic growth and poverty alleviation in the country. Yet the policy s target electricity for all and 1,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) available per capita by 2012 was not met. Despite a 20-year reform process and private-sector participation, the rate of resource augmentation and growth in energy supply has been less than the rate of increase in demand. Numerous challenges need to be addressed before India can overcome severe energy shortages and achieve its desired national policy objectives. Private Participation in the Indian Power Sector: Lessons from Two Decades of Experience examines the home-grown Indian experience with private sector participation in power, identifies emerging risks, and proposes specific actions for government consideration, so that the power sector may fulfill its important role in India s growth story. Much has been achieved, and the Indian power sector can rightfully take its placeamong the bold reformers. Yet a large agenda remains, and a more rigorous focus on implementation, particularly on last-mile reforms in the distribution sector, will be required. Close coordination among variousstakeholders and unrelenting attention to efficient execution through decentralized authority to make technical decisions, together with a robust emphasis on monitoring, evaluation, and transparent sharing of data and performance statistics, will help in achieving this objective."