This book presents new and important research on environmental microbiology which is area of interaction that studies the interaction of microorganisms with the environment. It includes the structure, activities and communal behaviour of microbial communities, microbial interactions and interactions with plants, animals and non-living environmental factors, population biology and clonal structure microbes and surfaces, adhesion and biofouling responses to environmental signals and stress factors growth and survival, modelling and theory development, microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes, microbial physiological, metabolic and structural diversity, pollution microbiology, extremophiles and life in extreme and unusual little-explored habitats, primary and secondary production, element cycles and biogeochemical processes and microbially-influenced global changes.