Singapore's rapid ascent from Third World to First since its independence in 1965 has won it acclaim as an "economic miracle". Economic success has been accompanied by impressive achievements in social development, as reflected in international rankings of human capital and human development.


The city state's achievements are founded on a socio-economic system characterised by low tax rates, flexible labour markets, and individual "self-reliance", with state support centred on social investment in education and public housing.


Entering the 21st century, however, slowing economic growth, an ageing population, global competition, and widening income dispersion have put the Singapore System under strain. This has prompted a significant refresh of social and economic policies over the past 15-20 years.


This book aims to bring the reader up to date on Singapore's socio-economic development in the first two decades of the 21st century. It looks back to the shifts in policy thinking that have accompanied structural changes to Singapore's society and economy, taking stock of the policy innovations aimed at sustaining income growth, economic security, and social mobility. It looks around to compare Singapore's approach to those of other countries facing similar challenges, situating Singapore's experience in the wider international discourse on public policy. Finally, it looks ahead to how the Singapore System may evolve in the years to come.