Renewable Energy Innovations: Biofuels, Solar, and Other Technologies

Alok Patel, PhD, is an assistant professor in Biochemical Process Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden and is the principal investigator of a project funded by the Swedish Research Council. He earned his PhD in biotechnology from IIT Roorkee in 2017, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies. Amit Kumar Sharma, PhD, is an assistant professor in Applied Sciences Cluster, and Centre of Alternate Energy Research at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. He earned his PhD on microalgae-based fuels from UPES, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies.

1 Microbial Fuel Cells -- A Sustainable Approach to Utilize Industrial Effluents for Electricity Generation 1 Manisha Verma and Vishal Mishra Abbreviation 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 History of Microbial Fuel Cell 3 1.3 Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell 4 1.4 Material Used in MFC System 5 1.5 Electrogenic Microorganisms 14 1.6 Electron Transport Mechanism in MFCs 16 1.7 Configuration of MFC 17 1.8 Applications of Microbial Fuel Cell 21 1.9 Future Perspectives 27 1.10 Conclusion 27 2 Nanotechnologies in the Renewable Energy Sector 41 Yogesh Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar, Sweta Sharma and Meenal Gupta 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Sources 44 2.3 Storage of Energy in Electrical Devices 52 2.4 Nanotechnology in Energy Storage Devices 56 2.5 Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries 65 2.6 Nanomaterials in Fuel Cells 69 2.7 Conclusion 76 2.8 Future Scope 76 3 Sustainable Approach in Utilizing Bioenergy Commonly for Industrial Zones by Limiting Overall Emission Footprint 83 Prashanth Kumar S, Mainak Mukherjee, Rhea Puri and Shrey Singhal 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Co-Firing Plants in Small- and Medium-Scale Industries 85 3.3 Impact of Usage of Biogas for Steam Generation 87 3.4 Case Scenarios for Promoting Industrial Uptake 91 3.5 Conclusion 93 4 Recycling of Plastic Waste into Transportation Fuels and Value-Added Products 97 Shashank Pal and Shyam Pandey 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Plastic Waste: A Global Challenge 99 4.3 Future Projection of the Waste Plastic 100 4.4 Plastic Waste Effect on Environment and Ecology 101 4.5 Plastic Waste Management 103 4.6 Parameters Affect the Pyrolysis Process 108 4.7 Value-Added Products from Plastic Waste Pyrolysis 112 4.8 Application in Transportation Sector 114 4.9 Conclusion 115 5 An Outlook on Oxygenated Fuel for Transportation 123 Shashank Pal, Shyam Pandey, Ram Kunwar and P.S. Ranjit 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Oxygenated Fuel 127 6 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Its Mitigation Technology in Transportation Sector 159 Swapnil Bhurat, Manas Jaiswal, P. S. Ranjit, Ram Kunwer, S. K. Gugolothu and Khushboo Bhurat 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 Mitigation Technologies 163 6.3 Conclusion 176 7 Advanced Techniques for Bio-Methanol Production 181 Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan, Dinesh Mohanakrishnan and Amit Kumar Sharma 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Scope of Biofuel 183 7.3 Types of Biofuels 183 7.4 Why Biomethanol 184 7.5 Methanol Properties 184 7.6 Source of Bio-Methanol 184 7.7 Production of Methanol 185 7.8 Gasification 186 7.9 Pyrolysis 186 7.10 Liquefaction 187 7.11 Syngas to Methanol 188 7.12 Biomethanol from MSW 188 7.13 Energy Efficiency of a Process 192 7.14 Biological Conversion of Methanol 193 7.15 Anaerobic Digestion 193 7.16 Methanotrophic Bacteria 193 7.17 Production of Methanol from Methanotrophic Bacteria (Methanotrophs) 194 7.18 Large-Scale Production of Methanol from Waste Biomass 195 7.19 Challenges Associated with Methanol Production Using Methanotrophic Bacteria at the Industrial Level 197 7.20 Role of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 197 7.21 Future Prospective and Conclusion 198 8 Biodiesel Production: Advance Techniques and Future Prospective 205 Satyajit Chowdhury, Romsha Singh, Saket Kumar Shrivastava and Jitendra S. Sangwai 8.1 Introduction 206 8.2 Biodiesel and Its Properties 208 8.3 Synthesis of Biodiesel 209 8.4 Modern Methods for the Development of Prospects 221 8.5 Future Prospects and Policies 225 8.6 Conclusions 227 9 Biomass to Biofuel: Biomass Sources, Pretreatment Methods and Production Strategies 233 Margavelu Gopinath, Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran, Madhusudhanan Manisha, Murugesan Nivedha and Krishnamurti Tamilarasan 9.1 Introduction 234 9.2 Biomass Sources in India 234 9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 239 9.4 Biomass Pretreatment Methods 240 9.5 Biomass to Biofuel Conversion Technologies 248 9.6 Types of Biofuel 254 9.7 Conclusion 258 10 Opportunity and Challenges in Biofuel Productions through Solar Thermal Technologies 267 Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Cecil Antony and Amit Kumar Sharma 10.1 Introduction 267 10.2 Solar Pyrolysis of Biomass Feedstocks 269 10.3 Production of Bio-Oil by Solar Pyrolysis 271 10.4 Conclusions 282 11 Algae Biofuels: A Promising Fuel of the Transport Sector 289 P.S. Ranjit, S. S. Bhurat, Sukanchan Palit, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Shyam Pandey and Shashank Pal 11.1 Introduction 289 11.2 Biofuels in the Transport Sector 291 11.3 Modes of Biofuels in Practice 294 11.4 Algae Biofuel -- A Promising Energy Source 297 11.5 Microalgae Growth Conditions 307 11.6 Harvesting of Algae 309 11.7 Biofuel Extraction Techniques from Microalgae 311 11.8 Algae Biofuel as a Transport Fuel 313 11.9 Conclusion 318 12 A Review of Chemical and Physical Parameters of Biodiesel vs. Diesel: Their Environmental and Economic Impact 329 Pradeep Kumar, Kalpna, Hariom Sharma, Mukesh Chand and Hament Panwar 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Historical Background 331 12.3 Current Status of Biodiesel 333 12.4 Sources of Biodiesel 334 12.5 Advantages of Biodiesel Over Diesel 335 12.6 Biodiesel as Safer and Cleaner Fuel 336 12.7 Major Negative Aspects to Use of Biodiesel 338 12.8 Chemical and Physical Properties of Biodiesel 338 12.9 Biodiesel Applications 340 12.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective 341 13 An Indian Viewpoint on Promoting Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles: Focussing on the Scope of Fuel Cells 345 Mainak Mukherjee, Jaideep Saraswat and Amit Kumar Sharma 13.1 Introduction 346 13.2 Can Hydrogen Be the Way Forward? 348 13.3 The Inception of Fuel Cells (FCs) and PEMFCs in Particular 349 13.4 FCEVs v/s Existing Automobile Infrastructure in India 350 13.5 The Green Policy Push for Hydrogen and Associated Technologies in India 353 13.6 Pervasive Challenges of PEMFC Technology 353 13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 357 14 Microalgae as Source of Bioenergy 361 Dimitra Karageorgou and Petros Katapodis 14.1 Introduction 361 14.2 Microalgae Bioenergy Production Options 363 14.3 Conclusions 374 15 Hazards and Environmental Issues in Biodiesel Industry 383 Tattaiyya Bhattacharjee, Paulami Ghosh and Surajit Mondal 15.1 Introduction 384 15.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Biodiesel 391 15.3 Causes of Occurrence 392 15.4 Future Risk and Opportunities 396 15.5 Lessons Learnt for Prevention of Hazards 398 15.6 Conclusion 399 References 400 Index 403