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Research Methods in Education: An Introduction: International Edition

Autor William Wiersma, Stephen G. Jurs
en Limba Engleză Mixed media product – 28 feb 2008
A classic in its field, Research Methods in Education explains the research process with emphasis on the formulation of a research question, referencing current literature in the field, using appropriate research designs, and writing and evaluating research reports. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs are described. Measurement, sampling, and statistics are presented as essential research tools.
 
Retaining the clear, concise writing style and organization that has made this text so popular, Research Methods in Education helps students evaluate research literature as well as master research methodology. It emphasizes the rationale for commonly used research procedures and their applications. The authors outline the nature of educational research and clearly define the steps in the research process.
 
The text is broad in scope–covering both quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research methodologies as well as describing how to write research proposals and reports of completed research. Research Methods in Education gives students a solid understanding of all the elements of research.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780205642403
ISBN-10: 0205642403
Pagini: 512
Dimensiuni: 178 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0.74 kg
Ediția:9Nouă
Editura: Pearson Education
Colecția Pearson Education
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States

Cuprins

Preface
 
            Acknowledgements
 
 
1.                  Educational Research:  Its Nature and Characteristics
 
Introduction
 
The Nature of Educational Research
 
            The Systematic Process of Research
            The Validity of Educational Research
                        Internal Validity
                        External Validity
            The Reliability of Educational Research
            Research Has a Variety of Forms
Classification of Educational Research             Basic and Applied Research
            Qualitative and Quantitative Research
            General Methods of Research
                        Experimental Research
                        Quasi-Experimental Research
                        Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
                        Historical Research
                        Ethnographic Research
The Role of Theory The Activities of the Research Process
            Identification of the Research Problem
            Data Collection
            Analysis
            Summarizing Results and Drawing Conclusions
Summary             The Function of Educational Research
Key Concepts Exercises
Notes
References
 
2.                  Identification of a Research Problem
Selection of a Research Problem
Statement of the Research Problem             Constants, Variables, and Operational Definition
                        Independent and Dependent Variables
                        Other Possible Types of Variables
                        Variables as They are Measured
                        Operational Definition
            Hypotheses and the Statement of the Problem
            Types and Forms of Hypotheses
                        Examples of Hypotheses Related to Problem Statements
                        Examples From the Research Literature
Summary Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
3.                  The Review of the Literature
The Activities of the Review of the Literature
Sources of Information
            The Library
            Periodical Literature
            Education Index
            Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
            An Example Using CIJE and RIE
            Other Indexes and Abstracts
            Review of Educational Research (RER)
            Reports of Meta-Analysis
            Abstracts and Reports in Periodicals
            Theses and Dissertations
            Books
Computer Searches of Databases             Conducting a Search
Searching a Database for a Specific Research Problem — One
            Descriptor
Searching a Database for a Specific Research Problem — More than
            One Descriptor
Other Sources Available Through the Computer
                        Selecting Studies for the Review of the Literature
                        Assembling and Summarizing Information
                                    Abstract or Summary
                                    Organizing Information
                        Interpreting and Using Information
                                    Critical Review
                                    Writing the Review
                                    Referencing
                                    Preparing the Bibliography
                        Summary
                        Key Concepts
                        Exercises
                        Notes
                        References
 
4.                  Research Design in Quantitative Research
The Purposes of Research Design
The Concept of Controlling Variance
            Procedures for Controlling Variance
                        Randomization
                        Building in Factors as Independent Variables
                        Holding Factors Constant
                        Statistical Control
                        Using Procedures for Control in Combination
Characteristics of Good Research Design             Freedom from Bias
            Freedom from Confounding
            Control of Extraneous Variables
            Statistical Precision for Testing Hypotheses
Summary Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
5.                  Experimental Research
The Meaning of Experimental Design
            Experimental Variables
            Use of the Term Subject
Criteria for a Well-Designed Experiment             Experimental Validity
            Threats to Experimental Validity
Posttest-Only Control Group Design Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
Solomon Four-Group Design
Factorial Designs
Repeated Measures Designs
Designs Extended in Time
            Time Series Designs
Interpreting Results of Experiments Randomness and Representativeness
Summary
Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
6.                  Quasi-Experimental Research
The Problems of Validity
Posttest-Only, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Pretest-Posttest, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Time Series Designs
            Single-Group Time Series Design
            Multiple-Group Time Series Design
            Variations in Time Series Designs
Single-Subject Designs             A-B Design
            A-B-A Design
            A-B-A-B Design
            Multiple-Baseline Designs
                        Multiple-Baseline Design Across Behaviors
                        Multiple-Baseline Design Across Subjects
                        Multiple-Baseline Design Across Situations
Action Research and Quasi-Experimental Research Summary
Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
7.                  Non-Experimental Quantitative Research
Non-Experimental Quantitative Research: Its Scope and Description
      Ex post facto Research
                  Causal-Comparative Research Examples
                  Correlational Research Examples
      Survey Research
Survey Designs       Longitudinal Designs
      Cross-Sectional Designs
The Methodology of Survey Research Questionnaire Surveys
      Item Construction
      Item Format
                  Pilot Run of the Items
      The Cover Letter
      Questionnaire Format
      Procedures for Increasing Response Rate
                  Follow-up Procedures
      Identifying Sources of Nonresponse
      Incomplete and Possible Dishonest Response
      Examples
                  Community Surveys
                  Client Surveys
      Web-Based Surveys
                  Factors to Consider When Conducting Web-Based Surveys
      Interview Surveys
                  Interview Items
                  Conducting the Interview
                  Potential Sources of Error
                  Telephone Interviews
                  A Comment About Branching Items
      Other Surveys
      Analyzing and Reporting Survey Results
                  Hypothetical Example 1
                  Hypothetical  Example 2
      Summary
      Key Concepts
      Exercises
      Notes
      References
8.                  Research Design in Qualitative Research
The Epistemology of Qualitative Research
Components of Research Design
            Working Design
            Working Hypotheses
            Data Collection
            Data Analysis and Interpretation
                        Possible Codes
                        Coding Examples
Types of Designs in Qualitative Research Perspectives for Qualitative Research
            Example:  Funnel Approach
            Example:  Modified Analytic Induction Approach
Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research Use of Technology in Qualitative Research
            Capabilities of Computer Software in Qualitative Research
Summary Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
9.                  Historical Research
The Value of Historical Research
Sources of Information in Historical Research
                        The Methodology of Historical Research
           
                                    Identification of the Research Problem
                                    Collection and Evaluation of Source Materials
                                                External Criticism
                                                Internal Criticism
                                    Synthesis of Information
                                    Analysis, Interpretation, and Formulating
                        Quantitative Methods in Historical Research
                        Comments on the Reporting of Historical Research
                                    Reports in Professional Journals
                        Summary
                        Key Concepts
                        Exercises       
                        References
 
10.              Ethnographic Research
The Nature of Ethnography in Education
            The Phenomenological Nature
            The Naturalistic Nature
            The Holistic and General Perspective
A Conceptual Schema for Ethnographic Research The Process of Ethnographic Research
            Identification of the Phenomenon to be Studied
            Identification of Subjects
            Hypothesis Generation
            Data Collection
                        Observation
                        Videotaping
                        Interviewing
                        Reviewing Other Sources
                        Triangulation
            Analysis
                        Coding
                        Use of Numbers
            Drawing Conclusions
Examples of Ethnographic Research in Education The Reliability and Validity of Ethnographic Research
            Reliability
            Validity
The Role of Ethnographic Research Summary
Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
11.              Mixed, Modeling and Delphi Methods
Mixed Methods
            Summary
Modeling Methods
            Application of Modeling Methods
                        Developing the Conceptual Model
                        Model Specification
                        Model Fitting
          Summary Delphi Method
            The Delphi Process
                        Question Definition
                        Delphi-Panel Creation
                        First-Round Questionnaire: Initial Subject Consideration
                        Subsequent-Round Questionnaires and the Analysis of
                                    Responses
            Variations of the Delphi
            Examples of the Delphi
            Considerations When Conducting a Delphi
            Summary
Key Concepts Exercises
Notes
References
 
12.              Sampling Designs
The Concept of a Random Sample
            Random Selection and Random Assignment
            Use of a Random Number Table
            Use of the Computer in Sample Selection
            Sampling Error and Sampling Bias
Criteria for a Sampling Design Stratified Random Sampling
            Allocation of Sample Size Among Strata
Cluster Sampling Systematic Sampling
            Possible Problem of Periodicity
Considerations in Determining Sample Size–Random Sampling Purposeful Sampling
            Comprehensive Sampling
            Maximum Variation Sampling
            Extreme Case Sampling
            Typical Case Sampling
            Homogeneous Sampling
            Other Variations of Purposeful Sampling
            Sample Size of Purposeful Samples
Summary Key Concepts
Notes
References
 
13.              Measurement and Data Collection
Concepts of Measurement
            Types of Measurement Scales
            Reliability of Measurement
            Empirical Procedures for Estimating Reliability
            Expected Reliability Coefficients for Various Types of Tests
            Validity of Measurement
                        Content-Related Evidence
                        Criterion-Related Evidence: Concurrent and Predictive
                        Construct-Related Evidence
The Variables Measured in Educational Research Tests and Inventories Used for Measurement
            Achievement Tests in Academic and Skills Areas
            Attitude Inventories
                        Likert Scale
                        Semantic Differential
            Aptitude Tests
            Personality Measures
            Rating Scales
            Observation Systems
Measures Involving Holistic Scoring Where to Find Test Information
Scoring and Data Preparation
            Coding Data  
            An Example of a Data File
Summary Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
14.              Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics
The Multiple Meanings of Statistics
Distributions
            Describing a Distribution of Scores
                        Measures of Central Tendency
                        Measures of Variability
                        Shapes of Distributions
            Standard Scores
                        Properties of Standard Scores
                        Determining Standard Scores
Correlation — A Measure of Relationship             Uses of Correlation
            Different correlation Coefficients
Data Analysis by Computer Summary
Key Concepts
Exercises
Note
 
15.              Data Analysis: Inferential Statistics
Context for Using Inferential Statistics
Testing Hypotheses and Estimating Parameters
      Concept pf a Sampling Distribution
      Building a Confidence Internal — The Example Continued
      Possible Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Inferences from Statistics to Parameters: A Reviews Parametric Analyses
      The t-Distribution — Another Sampling Distribution
      Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Nonparametric Analyses       The Chi-Square (χ2) Test and Distribution
Correlational Analyses       Analysis of Covariance
Selecting an Appropriate Statistical Analysis Comments About Statistical Analysis
Meta-Analysis
Summary
Key Concepts
Exercises
Notes
References
 
16.       Communicating About Research
                        Major Sections of the Research Proposal
                                    Identification of the Problem
                                    Review of the Literature
                                    Methods of Procedures
                                    Significance of the Proposed Research
                                    Other Sections of the Research Proposal
                                                Cover Page
                                                Abstract
                                                Budget
                                                Timeline
                                                Staff Resumes
                                                Appendices
                        Major Sections of the Research Report
                                    Introduction, Including the Statement of the Problem
                                    Review of the Literature
                                    Methods or Procedures
                                    Results
                                                Use of Tables
                                    Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications
                        Other Sections of the Research Report
                                    Abstract
                                    Bibliography and Reference List
                                    Appendix
                        Putting a Report Together
                                    Software for Word Processing
                        Guidelines for Presenting Papers at Meetings
                        Presentations to Dissertation and Thesis Committees
                        Summary
                        Key Concepts
                        Exercises
                        Note
                        References
 
16.              Evaluating Research Reports
Types of Errors and Shortcomings in Reports
Critiquing Major Sections of a Research Report
            Introduction
            Review of the Literature
            Methods or Procedures
            Results
            Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications
Overall Impressions When Evaluating a Report The Review Process for Journals
            Suggested Disposition
The Evaluation of Proposals             Significance of the Proposed Research
            Quality of the Proposed Research
Summary Key Concepts
Exercises
References
            Appendix 1:    Ethical and Legal Considerations in Conducting Research
            Appendix 2:    Solutions to Exercises
            Appendix 3:    Tables
                        Table A.  Ordinates and Areas of the Normal Curve
                        Table B.  Critical Values of t
                        Table C.  Upper Percentage Points of the χ2 Distribution
                        Table D.  Upper Percentage Points of the F-Distribution
                        Table E.  Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient
            Glossary of Research Methods Terms
            Name Index
            Subject Index
            Disk Instructions

Textul de pe ultima copertă

Wiersma / Jurs, Research Methods in Education: An Introduction, 9e 0205581927
 
A classic in its field, Research Methods in Education explains the research process with emphasis on the formulation of a research question, referencing current literature in the field, using appropriate research designs, and writing and evaluating research reports. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs are described. Measurement, sampling, and statistics are presented as essential research tools.
 
New to this edition:
  • The reorganization of the chapters into three sections is in response to requests from reviewers and current users of the text.
  • New examples have been added that capture the students’ interest, for example, the relationship between poor reading skills and suicidal tendencies.
  • New exercises have been added at the end of every chapter.
  • The previous data sets used in the statistics chapters have been updated with current data sets.
Here’s what your colleagues are saying:
 
“I have used Wiersma’s texts for many years and…I plan to continue to use it.”
-          Doris L. Prater, University of Houston
 
“Very thorough, easy to read and follow.”
-          Darla Twale, University of Dayton
 
“Research Methods in Education is a useful guidebook for students to understand the basic principles and methodology involved in all types of research, be it experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, correlational, action, enthroposophic, or single subject design. Basically, the text covers all aspects of qualitative and quantitative research methods.”
-          Gholam Kibria, Delaware State University
 

Caracteristici

  • The text has been reorganized into three sections:
    • The first section, Chapters 1-5, focuses on the research process. The nature of educational research, research paradigms, research problem statements, the review of the literature, writing and evaluating research proposals, and writing and evaluating research reports are explained and specific examples are presented.
    • The second section, Chapters 6-13, presents detailed descriptions of research designs. Chapters 6-9 on experimental research, quasi-experimental research, and nonexperimental quantitative research help students understand the use and methodology of quantitative research. Three chapters (10, 11, and 12) covering research design for qualitative research, historical, and ethnographic research help students understand when qualitative research should be used. Mixed methods, modeling, and the Delphi method are explained in Chapter 13.
    • The third section, Chapters 14-17, presents research tools that are essential components of educational research studies. Sampling designs, measurement, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics are explained in a way that requires no previous instruction in these topics.
  • More than 100 figures, tables, and examples taken from educational research illustrate the structure of research designs and their underlying concepts.  Coverage of Mixed Methods and Delphi Studies are included to keep this text completely current with practice (Chapter 13).
  • A section on “Evaluating Research Reports” enables students to make better decisions about the quality of the research they read.
  • Provides more extensive coverage of the process of identifying and writing research questions–the driving force behind the entire research process.  Also a thorough, detailed section on conducting survey research provides students with a clear blueprint for doing survey research.
  • Includes a more extensive exploration of technology and the use of electronic sources in research (e.g. web referencing, data analysis, etc.)  Also includes a discussion of the computer's use in research and emphasizes its importance in data analysis and literature review.
  • TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGE–A Disk (Windows and Mac), packaged FREE with the textbook, contains three data sets to allow students to work with actual data. 
  • Research Navigator access is provided with the text and integration is provided through the use of key term icons and chapter ending activities. This database provides students with hands-on research opportunities.

Caracteristici noi

  • The reorganization of the chapters into three sections is in response to requests from reviewers and current users of the text.
  • New examples have been added that capture the students’ interest, e.g., the relationship between poor reading skills and suicidal tendencies.
  • New exercises have been added at the end of every chapter.
  • The previous data sets that are used in the statistics chapters have been replaced with current data sets.