Rough Waters: Sovereignty and the American Merchant Flag: New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeolog

Looking at the interwar period of 1919 1939, Carlisle examines how the practice of foreign registry of American-owned vessels began on a large scale, led by Standard Oil with tankers under the flag of the Free City of Danzig and followed by Panama. The work spells out how the United States helped further the practice of registry in Panama and Liberia after World War II. "Rough Waters" concludes with a look at how the practice of foreign registry shapes present-day commerce and labor relations."