Routledge Handbook of Commercial Space Law: Routledge Handbooks in Law
Editat de Lesley Jane Smith, Ingo Baumann, Susan-Gale Wintermuthen Limba Engleză Hardback – 31 iul 2023
Preț: 1380.94 lei
Preț vechi: 1684.07 lei
-18% Nou
Puncte Express: 2071
Preț estimativ în valută:
264.28€ • 274.52$ • 219.53£
264.28€ • 274.52$ • 219.53£
Carte tipărită la comandă
Livrare economică 04-18 februarie 25
Livrare express 28 decembrie 24 - 03 ianuarie 25 pentru 66.34 lei
Preluare comenzi: 021 569.72.76
Specificații
ISBN-13: 9781032100746
ISBN-10: 1032100745
Pagini: 610
Ilustrații: 11 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, color; 3 Illustrations, color; 11 Illustrations, black and white
Dimensiuni: 174 x 246 x 33 mm
Greutate: 1.26 kg
Ediția:1
Editura: Taylor & Francis
Colecția Routledge
Seria Routledge Handbooks in Law
Locul publicării:Oxford, United Kingdom
ISBN-10: 1032100745
Pagini: 610
Ilustrații: 11 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, color; 3 Illustrations, color; 11 Illustrations, black and white
Dimensiuni: 174 x 246 x 33 mm
Greutate: 1.26 kg
Ediția:1
Editura: Taylor & Francis
Colecția Routledge
Seria Routledge Handbooks in Law
Locul publicării:Oxford, United Kingdom
V-ar putea interesa
-
Preț: 391.56 lei -
Marketing Complete Self-Assessment GuideGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 446.36 lei551.06 lei -
RCM Standard RequirementsGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 445.37 lei549.84 lei -
NVM Express A Clear and Concise ReferenceGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 445.37 lei549.84 lei -
Autonomous things The Ultimate Step-By-Step GuideGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 445.59 lei550.11 lei -
Workforce planning A Complete GuideGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 445.59 lei550.11 lei -
Osiris (software) The Ultimate Step-By-Step GuideGerardus Blokdyk-19%Preț: 445.59 lei550.11 lei -
The Economics of the Global Defence IndustryKeith Hartley-15%Preț: 267.82 lei315.72 lei -
The Ming WorldKenneth M SwopePreț: 429.71 lei -
Burnout and the Mobilisation of EnergyAnnamaria GardenPreț: 64.45 lei -
Impact of Disruptive Technologies on the Sharing EconomyChandan Acharya-23%Preț: 1112.06 lei1444.23 lei -
The Role of Islamic Spirituality in the Management and Leadership ProcessMahazan Abdul Mutalib-23%Preț: 894.44 lei1161.62 lei -
-23%Preț: 897.70 lei1165.85 lei -
-23%Preț: 902.41 lei1171.96 lei -
Rebuilding and Restructuring the Tourism IndustryAndré Riani Costa Perinotto-23%Preț: 898.19 lei1166.48 lei -
-23%Preț: 1363.58 lei1770.89 lei -
Cryptocurrency 2021-2022Stellar Moon PublishingPreț: 84.12 lei -
Preț: 57.66 lei -
Preț: 178.74 lei -
Daily WealthParth SawhneyPreț: 78.60 lei
Public țintă
Academic, Postgraduate, and ProfessionalCuprins
Figures
Contributors
Foreword
Editor’s preface
Introduction
PART I: General framework and boundary conditions
A: Changing institutional roles in space policy
1 Towards a new legal ecosystem for the exploitation of space
2 The EU Regulation for the Space Programme: A new framework
3 Commercial space activities in the US: An overview of the current policy and regulatory framework
B: Fostering NewSpace: Finance models and favourable jurisdictions
4 NewSpace companies: Incorporating and financing operations
5 The Space Protocol of the Cape Town Convention: A tool to promote greater commercialisation and private financing in the space sector
C: The international legal framework for licensing space activities: Innovative examples
6 Canada: Past, current, and future space law and policy perspectives
7 National space law and licensing of commercial space activities in Japan
8 Regulating commercial space activities in Australia and New Zealand
9 Practical experiences with Finland’s national space legislation and lessons learned
10 Framework and licensing requirements for space activities in Russia, with a particular focus on the NewSpace sector
11 How China incorporates and fosters commercial space activities by its national space law instruments
12 India: Recent developments in space business and regulation
D: Fostering innovation through competition and public procurement
13 The EU and ESA rules on public procurement
14 Procurement by ESA in times of pandemic crises
15 NewSpace growth through NASA’s contractual and other transaction authorities
16 Public-private partnership to promote new entrants to space activities in Japan
PART II: Specific markets
A: Commercial space solutions for earth observation data and space applications
17 Legal considerations for NewSpace companies when selling data (and associated products and services) to the US Government
18 Regulation of commercial Earth observation systems and data
B: Large constellations: Frequencies, registration, and interference
19 A satellite operator’s practical experiences with licensing and market barriers for global satellite constellations: The case of OneWeb
20 Registration requirements for satellites and the reality of large constellations: Ensuring a symbiosis of international law requirements and practicability
C: New launchers, small launchers, space ports, and space tourism
21 How can the insurance market provide new and effective solutions to NewSpace technologies and services?
22 Legislating for spaceports, commercial space markets, and space tourism
D: Space mining
23 National and international norms towards the governance of commercial space resource activity
E: Specific aspects of smart contracts and blockchain technology
24 Blockchain and smart contracts in space operations
25 Agile contracts for space projects
PART III: Cross-cutting items and challenges
A: International standards and export control
26 Export control and NewSpace: Reciprocal challenges
B: Active debris removal, on-orbit servicing, and space traffic management
27 Towards space traffic management
28 Future regulatory and licensing trends for active debris removal and on-orbit servicing in the UK and US
29 Legal aspects of ground-based infrastructure for space situational awareness
C: Long-term sustainability and the changing nature of space law (cybersecurity)
30 Space cybersecurity and US law
31 NewSpace and ensuring long-term sustainability of the space environment
32 Ensuring space sustainability through national space legislation
D: Outlook
33 Mission off-world: A technology-enabled vision for reimagining our society on Earth and beyond
Index
Contributors
Foreword
Editor’s preface
Introduction
PART I: General framework and boundary conditions
A: Changing institutional roles in space policy
1 Towards a new legal ecosystem for the exploitation of space
2 The EU Regulation for the Space Programme: A new framework
3 Commercial space activities in the US: An overview of the current policy and regulatory framework
B: Fostering NewSpace: Finance models and favourable jurisdictions
4 NewSpace companies: Incorporating and financing operations
5 The Space Protocol of the Cape Town Convention: A tool to promote greater commercialisation and private financing in the space sector
C: The international legal framework for licensing space activities: Innovative examples
6 Canada: Past, current, and future space law and policy perspectives
7 National space law and licensing of commercial space activities in Japan
8 Regulating commercial space activities in Australia and New Zealand
9 Practical experiences with Finland’s national space legislation and lessons learned
10 Framework and licensing requirements for space activities in Russia, with a particular focus on the NewSpace sector
11 How China incorporates and fosters commercial space activities by its national space law instruments
12 India: Recent developments in space business and regulation
D: Fostering innovation through competition and public procurement
13 The EU and ESA rules on public procurement
14 Procurement by ESA in times of pandemic crises
15 NewSpace growth through NASA’s contractual and other transaction authorities
16 Public-private partnership to promote new entrants to space activities in Japan
PART II: Specific markets
A: Commercial space solutions for earth observation data and space applications
17 Legal considerations for NewSpace companies when selling data (and associated products and services) to the US Government
18 Regulation of commercial Earth observation systems and data
B: Large constellations: Frequencies, registration, and interference
19 A satellite operator’s practical experiences with licensing and market barriers for global satellite constellations: The case of OneWeb
20 Registration requirements for satellites and the reality of large constellations: Ensuring a symbiosis of international law requirements and practicability
C: New launchers, small launchers, space ports, and space tourism
21 How can the insurance market provide new and effective solutions to NewSpace technologies and services?
22 Legislating for spaceports, commercial space markets, and space tourism
D: Space mining
23 National and international norms towards the governance of commercial space resource activity
E: Specific aspects of smart contracts and blockchain technology
24 Blockchain and smart contracts in space operations
25 Agile contracts for space projects
PART III: Cross-cutting items and challenges
A: International standards and export control
26 Export control and NewSpace: Reciprocal challenges
B: Active debris removal, on-orbit servicing, and space traffic management
27 Towards space traffic management
28 Future regulatory and licensing trends for active debris removal and on-orbit servicing in the UK and US
29 Legal aspects of ground-based infrastructure for space situational awareness
C: Long-term sustainability and the changing nature of space law (cybersecurity)
30 Space cybersecurity and US law
31 NewSpace and ensuring long-term sustainability of the space environment
32 Ensuring space sustainability through national space legislation
D: Outlook
33 Mission off-world: A technology-enabled vision for reimagining our society on Earth and beyond
Index
Recenzii
“The challenges within the commercial space market are often perceived as technical. And while it is indeed a technical challenge, for example, to land and re-use a rocket booster, or to understand how to perform 3D printing and additive manufacturing in space, the more intractable hurdles may well be economic, financial, regulatory, political, and cultural. In this excellent compilation of writing from experts in the global space sector’s legal and regulatory community, Dr. Lesley Jane Smith and co-editors have assembled a ‘must-read’ for practitioners and scholars alike. The frameworks of Apollo and other large, monolithic, government-driven space programs have given way to a new, multi-variate, and extremely dynamic private-sector, that is moving faster than many of the legal and policy frameworks can adapt. Consequently, this timely compendium from the world’s best thinkers on where the market is headed, challenges that we all face, and regulatory frameworks that must be navigated, is an essential read for our entire community.”
John M. Horack, PhD, Professor and Neil Armstrong Chair in Aerospace Policy, The Ohio State University
“The economic growth of emerging ecosystems relies wholly on a legal framework that protects the interests of investors, operators and nation states. Without innovative legal frameworks such as those outlined in this book by thought-leading legal scholars in this space, the private space sector would have no basis for growth. This Handbook is essential reading and reference for those executives, policy makers and investors who wish to venture into the growing opportunity of the space sector with clarity on where and how they are best able to contribute to and unlock success in this exciting field.”
Prof. Sinead O’Sullivan, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School
“Given the rapid growth of the global space economy with projections of a trillion-dollar space economy by the year 2040, The Handbook on Commercial Space Law – Legal Practice(s) for New Space is an extremely timely publication that is certain to become an invaluable reference tool for many years to come to commercial practitioners, policymakers and academics addressing the market changes brought about by NewSpace. In a series of well-structured chapters written by a global cross-section of space specialists, Lesley Jane Smith, Ingo Baumann and Susan-Gale Wintermuth have collected a strong set of contributions that highlight, in a comparative fashion: the main legal challenges posed by NewSpace, how different countries are adapting their national regulatory frameworks, as well as adopting different approaches to foster innovation and support NewSpace.”
Lucy Stojak, Chair, Canadian Space Council Directrice exécutive, Mosaic - Pôle créativité et innovation, Montréal (Québec)
“The Space economy is entering the Industrial Revolution phase of its rapid development, with both private and public sector investment and satellite launches going exponential, as are the uses for space tech in putting industries such as data centres in space, sourcing solar power from space and observing the earth in new ways. I also believe firmly that a planet of 10 billion people will never achieve net zero without space industrialisation. That is why this book is so timely and useful. As Chair of the world’s first publicly quoted investment trust for space tech I want answers to lots of questions on global commercial space law and here they are. We are in an age of rapid change with consequent instability and in that context the rule of law and its rapid adaptation to technological change is crucial, so I intend to keep my copy of The Routledge Handbook on Commercial Space Law close by.”
Will Whitehorn, Chancellor of Napier University, Edinburgh, Former Virgin Galactic, Chair, Seraphim Venture Capital Trust, FRAeS FCILT FMS, Chair, Seraphim Space Investment Trust PLC, Member, UK Space Agency Space Exploration Advisory Committee
“This Handbook covers all relevant issues and trends in today’s revolutionary transition from traditional space governance to commercial and privatised NewSpace. The impressive team of editors and contributors provides outstanding insight and guidance for navigating in this new universe of space becoming indispensable for our economies and societies on national levels as well as on a global scale.”
Dr. Kai-Uwe Schrogl, President, International Institute of Space Law (IISL), Head of strategy, European Space Agency, Paris
“As the space economy gallops ahead with private sector participation extending the earlier generation national space programs, the regulatory landscape that was aligned with the earlier sector construct, starts getting outdated and the need for the regulations to keep pace with the technological and economic developments seems both urgent and important. The value, that this development of private sector participation brings, is demonstrated both with respect to technology disruption and socio-economic impact. The players themselves are rearing to be on the tracks, however as the space activities are unbound by geographical boundaries, the treatment in terms of permissions, issues of commerce, patents, liabilities and rights, social responsibility etc take on a meaning that is not facilitated by the existing national and international construct of laws. This book is more of treatise on this subject and carefully highlights issues and the attempts by some nations to address these. Not all of these are optimal in a fast developing and expanding sector and each new attempt needs to build on the success and concerns that these attempts raise. Equally important is the fact that the private sector needs to be facilitated by these attempts, and have a significant role in not just the outcomes of these deliberations, but also play a constructive role in these developing regulatory landscape. In this direction the book, while being a comprehensive asset to the policy makers is also a significant input for the private sector players themselves to understand the developing regulatory ecosystem, under which they need to survive and thrive.
I thank the various experts for sharing the knowledge that stems from their deep engagement in understanding and steering the international deliberations, especially Dr. Ranjana Kaul who helps us see the situation from the India lens. I also thank the Lesley Jane Smith, Ingo Baumann and Susan-Gale Wintermuth for bringing out this compendium of thoughts from all the internationals experts.”
Dr. Subba Rao Pavuluri, President, Satcom Industry Association (SIA -India) and CMD Ananth Technologies Ltd
“60 years ago, President John F Kennedy addressed Rice University (Texas) on the moon-shot programme. And during that historical speech he determined that ‘The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds’. The Editor and Authors of this vanguard Routledge Handbook have delivered a timely compendium of lessons learnt, knowledge gained and the critical challenges and opportunities around the future. And it is genuinely global in perspective yet precise in detail and understanding. It is entirely relevant. The document’s unquestionable strength is the spectrum of contributors and the intelligent fusing of the value that they each add, building knowledge and addressing ignorance. Space today, and as it was 60 years ago, is really hard. But because of the thoughtful, consolidated and extensive approach taken during the compilation of this Handbook, the space practitioner has a comprehensive handrail to the present and the future on which they can confidently rely.”
James CMcG Johnston, OBE BSc MIoD FCMI, Director, Transcend Change Limited (commercial and secure government satellite consultant, ex RAF)
“Space today offers one of cutting edge and fast-growing opportunity for taking technology into new business. In comparison to well established business areas, such as IT or transport law, the newcomers’ investors in space enterprises might be confused in discovering incomplete legal frameworks depending on where they are based, an apparent maze of regulatory conditions to become applicable, the dispersed availability of proven legal expertise in each jurisdiction. The representatives of the legal community who have undertaken this work are showing how to transition such impressions from complex or frustrating to reassuring and attractive. For both State actors and entrepreneurs, this volume tries to provide a mapping and to illustrate the legal landscape that space investors and operators will find, so to help an understanding of the challenges and opportunities offered by the space business. In this respect this publication is a useful example of how to foster the progressive and beneficial growth of laws and regulations, so to be experienced and leveraged by all kind of space actors and their endeavours. We wish to this collective work a long-term success of followers and so to continue developing our legal practice and business knowledge for using space.”
Marco Ferrazzani, Senior Legal Counsel, European Space Agency (ESA)
“This innovative book belongs on the shelf of any commercial space lawyer and those seeking to enter this exciting field. This well-researched treatise delves into major new developments in commercial space law such as in-orbit servicing, large constellations, artificial intelligence, big data, private spaceflight, and space resource exploitation. I believe all commercial space lawyers will benefit from the authors’ insight as we draft and review agreements for the novel space activities before us and on the horizon. I certainly will be consulting this book as I wrestle with the challenges of first-of-their-kind commercial space agreements and their national and international implications.”
Milton “Skip” Smith, Chair, Aerospace Practice Group, Sherman & Howard, Denver, CO, legal Counsel to the private Dragon Crew
John M. Horack, PhD, Professor and Neil Armstrong Chair in Aerospace Policy, The Ohio State University
“The economic growth of emerging ecosystems relies wholly on a legal framework that protects the interests of investors, operators and nation states. Without innovative legal frameworks such as those outlined in this book by thought-leading legal scholars in this space, the private space sector would have no basis for growth. This Handbook is essential reading and reference for those executives, policy makers and investors who wish to venture into the growing opportunity of the space sector with clarity on where and how they are best able to contribute to and unlock success in this exciting field.”
Prof. Sinead O’Sullivan, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School
“Given the rapid growth of the global space economy with projections of a trillion-dollar space economy by the year 2040, The Handbook on Commercial Space Law – Legal Practice(s) for New Space is an extremely timely publication that is certain to become an invaluable reference tool for many years to come to commercial practitioners, policymakers and academics addressing the market changes brought about by NewSpace. In a series of well-structured chapters written by a global cross-section of space specialists, Lesley Jane Smith, Ingo Baumann and Susan-Gale Wintermuth have collected a strong set of contributions that highlight, in a comparative fashion: the main legal challenges posed by NewSpace, how different countries are adapting their national regulatory frameworks, as well as adopting different approaches to foster innovation and support NewSpace.”
Lucy Stojak, Chair, Canadian Space Council Directrice exécutive, Mosaic - Pôle créativité et innovation, Montréal (Québec)
“The Space economy is entering the Industrial Revolution phase of its rapid development, with both private and public sector investment and satellite launches going exponential, as are the uses for space tech in putting industries such as data centres in space, sourcing solar power from space and observing the earth in new ways. I also believe firmly that a planet of 10 billion people will never achieve net zero without space industrialisation. That is why this book is so timely and useful. As Chair of the world’s first publicly quoted investment trust for space tech I want answers to lots of questions on global commercial space law and here they are. We are in an age of rapid change with consequent instability and in that context the rule of law and its rapid adaptation to technological change is crucial, so I intend to keep my copy of The Routledge Handbook on Commercial Space Law close by.”
Will Whitehorn, Chancellor of Napier University, Edinburgh, Former Virgin Galactic, Chair, Seraphim Venture Capital Trust, FRAeS FCILT FMS, Chair, Seraphim Space Investment Trust PLC, Member, UK Space Agency Space Exploration Advisory Committee
“This Handbook covers all relevant issues and trends in today’s revolutionary transition from traditional space governance to commercial and privatised NewSpace. The impressive team of editors and contributors provides outstanding insight and guidance for navigating in this new universe of space becoming indispensable for our economies and societies on national levels as well as on a global scale.”
Dr. Kai-Uwe Schrogl, President, International Institute of Space Law (IISL), Head of strategy, European Space Agency, Paris
“As the space economy gallops ahead with private sector participation extending the earlier generation national space programs, the regulatory landscape that was aligned with the earlier sector construct, starts getting outdated and the need for the regulations to keep pace with the technological and economic developments seems both urgent and important. The value, that this development of private sector participation brings, is demonstrated both with respect to technology disruption and socio-economic impact. The players themselves are rearing to be on the tracks, however as the space activities are unbound by geographical boundaries, the treatment in terms of permissions, issues of commerce, patents, liabilities and rights, social responsibility etc take on a meaning that is not facilitated by the existing national and international construct of laws. This book is more of treatise on this subject and carefully highlights issues and the attempts by some nations to address these. Not all of these are optimal in a fast developing and expanding sector and each new attempt needs to build on the success and concerns that these attempts raise. Equally important is the fact that the private sector needs to be facilitated by these attempts, and have a significant role in not just the outcomes of these deliberations, but also play a constructive role in these developing regulatory landscape. In this direction the book, while being a comprehensive asset to the policy makers is also a significant input for the private sector players themselves to understand the developing regulatory ecosystem, under which they need to survive and thrive.
I thank the various experts for sharing the knowledge that stems from their deep engagement in understanding and steering the international deliberations, especially Dr. Ranjana Kaul who helps us see the situation from the India lens. I also thank the Lesley Jane Smith, Ingo Baumann and Susan-Gale Wintermuth for bringing out this compendium of thoughts from all the internationals experts.”
Dr. Subba Rao Pavuluri, President, Satcom Industry Association (SIA -India) and CMD Ananth Technologies Ltd
“60 years ago, President John F Kennedy addressed Rice University (Texas) on the moon-shot programme. And during that historical speech he determined that ‘The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds’. The Editor and Authors of this vanguard Routledge Handbook have delivered a timely compendium of lessons learnt, knowledge gained and the critical challenges and opportunities around the future. And it is genuinely global in perspective yet precise in detail and understanding. It is entirely relevant. The document’s unquestionable strength is the spectrum of contributors and the intelligent fusing of the value that they each add, building knowledge and addressing ignorance. Space today, and as it was 60 years ago, is really hard. But because of the thoughtful, consolidated and extensive approach taken during the compilation of this Handbook, the space practitioner has a comprehensive handrail to the present and the future on which they can confidently rely.”
James CMcG Johnston, OBE BSc MIoD FCMI, Director, Transcend Change Limited (commercial and secure government satellite consultant, ex RAF)
“Space today offers one of cutting edge and fast-growing opportunity for taking technology into new business. In comparison to well established business areas, such as IT or transport law, the newcomers’ investors in space enterprises might be confused in discovering incomplete legal frameworks depending on where they are based, an apparent maze of regulatory conditions to become applicable, the dispersed availability of proven legal expertise in each jurisdiction. The representatives of the legal community who have undertaken this work are showing how to transition such impressions from complex or frustrating to reassuring and attractive. For both State actors and entrepreneurs, this volume tries to provide a mapping and to illustrate the legal landscape that space investors and operators will find, so to help an understanding of the challenges and opportunities offered by the space business. In this respect this publication is a useful example of how to foster the progressive and beneficial growth of laws and regulations, so to be experienced and leveraged by all kind of space actors and their endeavours. We wish to this collective work a long-term success of followers and so to continue developing our legal practice and business knowledge for using space.”
Marco Ferrazzani, Senior Legal Counsel, European Space Agency (ESA)
“This innovative book belongs on the shelf of any commercial space lawyer and those seeking to enter this exciting field. This well-researched treatise delves into major new developments in commercial space law such as in-orbit servicing, large constellations, artificial intelligence, big data, private spaceflight, and space resource exploitation. I believe all commercial space lawyers will benefit from the authors’ insight as we draft and review agreements for the novel space activities before us and on the horizon. I certainly will be consulting this book as I wrestle with the challenges of first-of-their-kind commercial space agreements and their national and international implications.”
Milton “Skip” Smith, Chair, Aerospace Practice Group, Sherman & Howard, Denver, CO, legal Counsel to the private Dragon Crew
Notă biografică
Lesley Jane Smith is Professor of International Economic Law at the Leuphana University, Germany, is partner in Weber-Steinhaus & Smith, Bremen, and Vice President of the International Institute of Space Law. A member of the International Academy of Astronautics and Corresponding Fellow at the Royal Society Edinburgh, she served the International Astronautical Federation as General Counsel, and currently acts as Alternate Ombudsman to the European Space Agency.
Ingo Baumann is a founding partner of BHO Legal, a technology law firm based in Cologne, Germany. He is member of the International Institute of Space Law, the European Centre for Space Law and various space industry associations. He is active in several programmes as mentors for start-ups in the space sector.
Susan-Gale Wintermuth is Professor in the China-EU Law School at China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China. She is a lecturer at the Stockholm School of Economics Riga, where she instructs on international business law. She also contributes on the same subject to the Executive MBA at the Stockholm School of Economics Riga.
Ingo Baumann is a founding partner of BHO Legal, a technology law firm based in Cologne, Germany. He is member of the International Institute of Space Law, the European Centre for Space Law and various space industry associations. He is active in several programmes as mentors for start-ups in the space sector.
Susan-Gale Wintermuth is Professor in the China-EU Law School at China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China. She is a lecturer at the Stockholm School of Economics Riga, where she instructs on international business law. She also contributes on the same subject to the Executive MBA at the Stockholm School of Economics Riga.
Descriere
The Routledge Handbook of Commercial Space Law provides a definitive survey of of the transitions and adjustments across the stakeholder community contributing to outer space activities.