The liberal and modernist policies of rural development initiated by the Congolese State would be conceived by international partners without the participation of those concerned, the farmers. This unequal relationship between these different actors would explain the situation of economic, political and cultural poverty of the latter. From then on, development aid appears to be a sword in the water in the face of the countless problems of the peasants, which are growing stronger with the passing of time. In this context, a new approach to action and research is essential. The actor and researcher in rural development should spend a lot of time in this environment, where they are called upon to dialogue, to list the problems and to choose the action to be taken with those concerned. He is also invited to productivity, self-management and self-evaluation with the group in action.