Scoliosis is a lateral spinal deformity often coupled with vertebral rotation with most of the cases presenting as idiopathic. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the causes, symptoms and treatment of scoliosis. Topics discussed include the history and classification of scoliosis; the connection between idiopathic scoliosis, orthodontics and occlusion and their therapeutic implications; the trunk posture of the elderly population in Southern Brazil using the Shadow Moire Technique; new physical therapy interventions for scoliosis; effects of load carriage on children with scoliosis; and the relationship of the pineal gland, melatonin and scoliosis.