Seawater and Desalting: Volume 1

1A. The Water Problem.- Water quality.- Water management.- Water reuse.- Literature to 1A.- 1B. Desalting Processes.- International meetings.- International activities.- Egypt, France, Germany W., Israel, Japan, Libya, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Spain, U.S.A.- Education and training.- Literature to 1B.- 1C. Raw Material Seawater.- 1. Mineral content of seawater.- Trace metals patents.- Literature to ICI.- 2. Physical Properties of Seawater.- Literature to 1C.2.- 3. Analytical Chemistry.- Patents 27, 31, 32, 34.- Literature to 1C.3.- 2A. Distillation.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Literature to 2A.- 2B. Components of Distillation Plants.- Intake Systems.- Containment vessels.- Deaerators.- Demisters.- Heat exchangers.- Pumps.- Literature to 2B.- 2C. Vertical Tube Evaporators.- Falling liquid film.- Rising liquid.- Operating experience.- Literature to 2C.- 2D. Horizontal Tube Evaporators.- Patents.- Literature to 2D.- 2E. Flash Evaporation.- Flashing flow.- Multi-stage flash distillation.- Operating experience.- Literature to 2E.- 2F. Other Distillation processes.- Vapor compression.- Vertical multi-stage evaporators. Patents.- Vapor reheat.- Vertical MSF evaporator Patents.- Multi-stage flash fluidized bed evaporator.- Rotating evaporator. Patents.- Literature to 2F.- 2G. Combined Distillation Plants.- VTE-MSF evaporation.- VC-VTE-MSF combined plant.- Literature to 2G.- 2H. Dual Purpose Plants.- Patents.- Libya.- Saudi Arabia.- Literature to 2H.- 2I. Waste Heat as Energy Source.- Patents.- Patents.- Literature to 2I.- 2K. Nuclear Energy as Heat Source.- Nuclear vs. conventional power.- Safety and environment.- Literature to 2K.- 2L. Geothermal Energy as Heat Source.- Literature to 2L.- 2M. Solar Energy as Heat Source.- Patents.- Literature to 2M.- 2N. Scale Formation and Prevention.- Alkaline scale.- Sulfate scale.- Removal of scale.- Literature to 2N.- 2O. Treatment of Feed Water.- Chlorination.- Acid injection.- Treatment by phosphates.- Additives.- Seeding. Patents.- Treatment by ion exchange.- Magnetic treatment.- Literature to 20.- 2P. Corrosion.- Corrosion inhibition.- Literature to 2P.- 2Q. Materials of Construction.- C-steel and iron-base alloys.- Stainless steels.- Copper-base alloys.- Aluminum.- Titanium.- Concrete.- Non metallics.- Protective coatings.- Cathodic protection.- Literature to 2Q.- 3A. Ion Exchange.- Ion exchange technology.- Sirotherm process.- Literature to 3A.- 3B. Membrane Processes.- Literature to 3B.- 3C. Ion Exchange Membranes.- Preparation and properties.- Ion selectivity.- Ion and water transport.- Electrical properties.- Concentration polarization.- Electroosmosis.- Scaling and fouling.- Inorganic ion-exchange membranes.- Literature to 3C.- 3D. Electrodialysis.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Literature to 3D.- 3E. Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration.- Mechanism of reverse osmosis.- Osmosis.- Thermoosmosis.- Osmotic energy production.- Pressure retarded osmosis.- Literature to 3E.- 3F. Reverse Osmosis Membranes.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Literature to 3F.- 3G. Reverse Osmosis Process.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Patents.- Literature to 3G.- 3H. Other Applications of Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration.- Domestic and municipal wastes.- Spacecraft wastes.- Recycling of industrial wastes.- Recycling in the food industry.- Hemodialysis and artificial kidney.- Separation of inorganics.- Separation of organics.- Literature to 3H.- 4. Other Desalting Processes.- Ice formation and melting.- Freezing processes.- Hydrates.- Bioconversion.- Chelate treatment.- Literature to 4.- 5. Economic Considerations.- Recovery of byproducts.- Common salt.- Halogens.- Lithium.- Magnesium.- Potassium.- Strontium.- Uranium.- Literature to 5.- 6. Iceberg Utilization.- Literature to 6.- Patent Index.- Abbreviations.