This book represents the third in a series tracing the development of a tradition of prayer that arose in the Jewish Second Temple period. Its critical essays trace the impact of the Second Temple penitential prayer traditions on the development of prayers and thought in rabbinic Judaism and Christianity during late antiquity and the early medieval periods. Contributors include Paul Bradshaw, Carsten Claussen, Lawrence Fine, Cornelia Horn, Reuven Kimelman, Ruth Langer, Laura Leiber, Robert Phenix, Stefan Reif, Richard Sarason, Bryan Spinks, and Rodney Werline.