The aim of this book is to present significant topics in neuroendocrinology. The comprehension of the neuroendocrine system presents an insight into a broad spectrum of bodily and mental processes. This book serves as a brief guide encompassing updated information regarding the function of the endocrine glands and organs in relation with neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and behavioral manifestations. Several distinct forms of stress response, for example cognitive changes and anxiety, have been intrinsic to other species as well as to us. These mechanisms particularly involve intricate interactions among emotional, behavioral and physical processes in human beings. This book presents information regarding peptide hormones, i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin, and how analyses of these neuropeptides enhance our comprehension of social and other behaviors along with information regarding the impacts of these neuromodulators on sexual behavior and water balance in the body.