Based on an analysis of Sherwood Anderson's letters, this study explores the novelist's principal inspiration during his final years (1938-1941): his exposure to Latin America. Thematically arranged correspondence traces his positive reception in South America--a place he saw as a source of fresh ideas and publishing opportunities--his desire to promote cultural relations between the two Americas, and his legacy among Spanish-speaking readers. The author discusses the political and economic climates of mid-20th century South American nations, their emerging liberal ideologies and the concerns Latin American readers had regarding societal upheaval, urbanization and the inequities of capitalism--all vividly depicted in Anderson's works.