Soil Survey Manual
Agriculture Dept. (U.S.), Soil Survey Division Soil Science Division Staff (U.S.)en Limba Engleză Hardback – 23 mai 2017 – vârsta ani
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
Handbook
No.
18.
Revision
and
enlargement
of
the
USDA
Handbook
No.
18,
the
Soil
Survey
Manual,
issued
October
1962.
Provides
in
a
single
volume
the
major
principles
and
practices
needed
for
making
and
using
soil
surveys
and
for
assembling
and
using
data
related
to
them.
The Manual is intended primarily for use by soil scientists and surveyors engaged in the work of making soil surveys. Workers and students who have limited soil science experience or are less familiar with the soil survey process can also use the information. Teachers, researchers, and students of soil science and related disciplines, especially those interested in pedology, soil morphology, soil geography, ecology, geomorphology, forest communities, and the science underlying soil survey, will find this manual useful. Resource specialists, such as wetland scientists, foresters, and agronomists, and others who use soil surveys in their work, can refer to the Manual to better understand how soil surveys are made and how to interpret the technical information they provide.
Related products
Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2014)is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/keys-soil-taxonomy-2014
Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, Version 3.0can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/field-book-describing-and-sampling-soils-version-30
Other published works produced by theUnited States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Serviceare here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/us-forest-service
The Manual is intended primarily for use by soil scientists and surveyors engaged in the work of making soil surveys. Workers and students who have limited soil science experience or are less familiar with the soil survey process can also use the information. Teachers, researchers, and students of soil science and related disciplines, especially those interested in pedology, soil morphology, soil geography, ecology, geomorphology, forest communities, and the science underlying soil survey, will find this manual useful. Resource specialists, such as wetland scientists, foresters, and agronomists, and others who use soil surveys in their work, can refer to the Manual to better understand how soil surveys are made and how to interpret the technical information they provide.
Related products
Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2014)is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/keys-soil-taxonomy-2014
Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, Version 3.0can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/field-book-describing-and-sampling-soils-version-30
Other published works produced by theUnited States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Serviceare here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/us-forest-service
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780160937439
ISBN-10: 0160937434
Pagini: 621
Ilustrații: Includes many black and white
Dimensiuni: 152 x 235 x 25 mm
Ediția:Revizuită
Editura: United States Dept. of Agriculture
Colecția United States Department of Agriculture
ISBN-10: 0160937434
Pagini: 621
Ilustrații: Includes many black and white
Dimensiuni: 152 x 235 x 25 mm
Ediția:Revizuită
Editura: United States Dept. of Agriculture
Colecția United States Department of Agriculture
Cuprins
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures................................................................................vii
List of Tables.................................................................................xvii
Introduction to the Fourth Edition......................................xxiii
Purpose ........................................................................................xxiii
Need for Additions and Revisions................................................ xxv
Online Access.............................................................................xxvii
Citation and Authorship..............................................................xxvii
Acknowledgements...................................................................xxviii
References.................................................................................xxviii
Chapter 1.—Soil and Soil Survey............................................. 1
Soil Survey—Definition and Description......................................... 1
Early Concepts of Soil...................................................................... 3
Early Development of Soil Classification ........................................ 7
Modern Concept of Soil ................................................................... 8
Development of Soil Taxonomy....................................................... 9
Scientific Foundation of Soil Survey.............................................. 10
Development of the Soil Survey in the U.S. .................................. 13
References...................................................................................... 18
Chapter 2.—Landscapes, Geomorphology, and Site Description................................................................................ 21
Introduction .................................................................................... 21
Capturing Soil-Landscape Relationships at Various Scales........... 25
Placing Soil-Landscape Relationships in Their Proper Context .... 28
Consistently Describing Landscapes, Landforms, and Geomorphology ....................................................................... 30
Parent Material ............................................................................... 53
Bedrock .......................................................................................... 66
Lithostratigraphic Units.................................................................. 69
Erosion............................................................................................ 70
Land Cover..................................................................................... 77
Vegetation....................................................................................... 78
Ecological Sites.............................................................................. 79
Integrated Natural Resource Inventories........................................ 80
References...................................................................................... 80
Chapter 3.—Examination and Description of Soil Profiles........................................................................................ 83
Introduction .................................................................................... 83
General Terms Used to Describe Soils........................................... 84
Studying Pedons............................................................................. 87
Designations for Horizons and Layers........................................... 91
Near Surface Subzones................................................................. 114
Root-Restricting Depth................................................................. 118
Particle-Size Distribution ............................................................. 119
Soil Texture .................................................................................. 120
Rock Fragments and Pararock Fragments.................................... 131
Artifacts........................................................................................ 137
Compound Texture Modifiers....................................................... 140
Fragments on the Surface ............................................................. 141
Soil Color ..................................................................................... 145
Soil Structure................................................................................ 155
Internal Ped and Void Surface Features........................................ 163
Concentrations.............................................................................. 168
Pedogenic Carbonates ................................................................. 173
Redoximorphic Features............................................................... 177
Consistence................................................................................... 180
Roots............................................................................................. 193
Pores............................................................................................. 195
Animals ........................................................................................ 197
Selected Chemical Properties....................................................... 198
Soil Water..................................................................................... 205
Soil Temperature .......................................................................... 228
References.................................................................................... 230
Chapter 4.—Soil Mapping Concepts................................... .......235
Soil Mapping Process................................................................... 235
Field Operation and Equipment ................................................... 241
Soil Survey Manual iii Soil Identification and Classification......... 245
Soil Map Units.............................................................................. 248
Kinds of Map Units...................................................................... 256
Minor Components Within Map Units......................................... 260
Designing and Documenting Map Units...................................... 262
Naming Map Units....................................................................... 265
Orders of Soil Surveys ................................................................. 268
Correlation Steps.......................................................................... 276
Quality Control and Quality Assurance........................................ 280
Records and Documentation ........................................................ 281
Soil Handbook.............................................................................. 284
Soil Maps Made by Other Methods ............................................. 289
Supporting Data............................................................................ 291
References.................................................................................... 292
Chapter 5.—Digital Soil Mapping......................................... 295
Principles and Concepts ............................................................... 295
Stages and Processes.................................................................... 299
Applications of Digital Soil Mapping .......................................... 341
Summary ...................................................................................... 346
References.................................................................................... 346
Chapter 6.—Tools for Proximal Soil Sensing................. 355
Introduction .................................................................................. 355
Common Geophysical Methods................................................... 356
Less Common Proximal Sensing Methods .................................. 376
References.................................................................................... 387
Chapter 7.—Soil Survey Data Collection, Management, and Dissemination..... 395
Introduction .................................................................................. 395
Automated Data Processing in Soil Survey ................................. 396
Recording Data and Information—Field and Lab........................ 400
Soil Information Systems............................................................. 415
History of Soil Data Management in the U.S............................... 421
References.................................................................................... 432
Chapter 8.—Interpretations: The Impact of Soil Properties on Land Use.. 433
Introduction .................................................................................. 433
Interpretive Models ...................................................................... 436
Current U.S. Interpretive System ................................................. 440
Map Units and Soil Interpretations .............................................. 446
Interpretive Soil Properties........................................................... 449
Dynamic Soil Properties............................................................... 456
Interpretive Applications.............................................................. 457
Areal Application of Interpretations............................................. 475
References.................................................................................... 478
Chapter 9.—Assessing Dynamic Soil Properties and Soil Change..481
Importance of DSPs...................................................................... 481
How to Collect DSPs for Soil Survey .......................................... 483
Data Collection Plan..................................................................... 489
Analyzing Dynamic Soil Property Data....................................... 497
Summary of DSPs in Soil Survey ................................................ 501
References.................................................................................... 502
Chapter 10.—Subaqueous Soil Survey............................. 505
Introduction .................................................................................. 505
Sampling, Description, Characterization, and Classification....... 506
Soil-Landscape Relationships ...................................................... 513
Survey Methods and Procedures.................................................. 516
Significance of Subaqueous Soil Information.............................. 519
References.................................................................................... 521
Chapter 11.—Human-Altered and Human Transported Soils......525
Introduction .................................................................................. 525
Background .................................................................................. 526
Importance.................................................................................... 531
Occurrence.................................................................................... 532
Identification................................................................................. 532
Description ................................................................................... 536
Survey Methods and Procedures.................................................. 537
Pedon Descriptions....................................................................... 549
References.................................................................................... 552
Appendix 1.—Official Soil Series Description................ 555
Olton Series.................................................................................. 555
Appendix 2.—Detailed Map Unit Description.................. 561
OcA—Olton clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.............................. 561
Appendix 3.—NCSS Soil Characterization Database............. 563
Appendix 4.—Web Soil Survey............................................. 573
Soil Survey Maps and Map Products........................................... 573
Index................................................................................................. 587