The National Institute of Standards and Technology addresses biometric devices in their Special Publication 500-288, "Specifications for WS-Biometric Devices (WS-BD) Version 1." "The web services framework, has, in essence, begun to create a standard software 'communications bus' in support of service-oriented architecture. Applications and services can 'plug in' to the bus and begin communicating using standards tools. The emergence of this 'bus' has profound implications for identity exchange." Jamie Lewis, Burton Group, February 2005; Forward to Digital Identity by Phillip J. Windley. As noted by Jamie Lewis, the emergence of web services as a common communications bus has "profound implications." The next generation of biometric devices will not only need to be intelligent, secure, tamperproof, and spoof resistant, but first, they will need to be interoperable. These envisioned devices will require a communications protocol that is secure, globally connected, and free from requirements on operating systems, device drivers, form factors, and low-level communications protocols. WS-Biometric Devices is a protocol designed in the interest of furthering this goal, with a specific focus on the single process shared by all biometric systems-acquisition. Biometrics are playing an increasing role in security, access control, and identity management. Fingerprints are often used in conjunction with passwords for computer security. Many jobs require employees to provide biometrics; using WS-BD equipment could potentially reduce costs by facilitating interoperability in biometrics devices, NIST explained. The WS-BD protocol will simplify setting up and maintaining secure biometric systems to verify identity because such biometric systems will be easier to assemble with interoperable components compared to current biometrics systems that have proprietary device-specific drivers and cables, according to NIST.