Hostilities between the Modoc and the U.S. Army were fierce, bloody, and unjust--the most expensive Indian conflict in American history. The riveting narrative includes accounts from Modoc warriors, army foot soldiers, and cavalry officers. Spirit in the Rock captures the war's dramatic battles, betrayals, and devastating end, but also delves into its underlying causes, secret schemes by the Applegate family and others to seize ancestral territory, and ways Native American traditions and spirituality influenced events. For generations, Modoc homelands along what is now the California-Oregon border, provided abundant water and food sources. Indigenous families migrated seasonally throughout the region until the immigrant population increased, intensifying disputes over native lands. By April 1870, the Modoc were forced to live on a crowded, distant reservation with their rivals, the Klamath. Led by a charismatic young chief called Captain Jack, they fled to their original Lost River village and refused to return. Despite ongoing peace negotiations, the cavalry launched a surprise attack just before dawn on November 29, 1872. The stunned band awoke to chaos. Survivors escaped to a natural stone citadel--nearby lava beds--and that stark landscape became the setting for the 1873 Modoc War.
"The book is destined to be one of the definitive works on the Modoc war]]Compton has done a masterful job of producing a scholarly work that reads as easily as a novel."--Todd Kepple, Modoc War historian and Klamath County Museum Director
"One reads this account of the last frontier and wonders why this riveting, largely untold story
had to wait so long. Now Jim Compton has brought it to life."--David Brewster, Seattle journalist and publisher