This book presents a comprehensive exploration of fundamental concepts crucial for assessing the industrial viability of raw materials. Each chapter delves into a phenomenological understanding of various techniques, placing practical insights at the forefront while minimizing reliance on complex mathematical formalism. While recognizing the importance of select mathematical formulations to underpin the underlying physical principles, the primary emphasis remains on accessibility and real-world applicability. Readers will gain a solid understanding of pivotal concepts, equipping them with the proficiency to articulate the symbiotic relationship between analytical techniques and the acquisition of commercially significant insights.