The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing is an innovative multilateral environmental agreement that has significantly developed the international biodiversity regime. In addition, it has considerable implications for the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, for research and commercial development activities in various sectors, as well as for food security, health, trade, oceans, and development cooperation. A prestigious group of international experts analyses the implications of the Nagoya Protocol for different areas of international law, and its implementation challenges in various regions, or of a cross-cutting nature. The volume thus combines the perspectives of legal scholars and of stakeholders involved in the negotiations of the Protocol and the preparations towards its entry into force.