Thousands of LGBTQ youth are forced into harmful "treatments" with devastating mental health consequences. This volume explores the history, effects, and danger of so-called conversion "therapy," Here is a compendium of recent scholarship and clinical work on this controversial topic, including the important ethical questions involved. Because such treatment is not actually therapeutic, it is now more accurately referred to as sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) or gender identity change efforts (GICE). Throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, considerable research showed SOCE to be not only ineffective, but also harmful. As a result of these findings, professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association have denounced the practice and recommended affirmative, supportive treatment instead. Although SOCE has been widely discredited, it remains legal in most states and continues to be practiced with lesbian, gay, and bisexual children and adolescents. Furthermore, as the past 20 years have seen an increase in gender nonconforming and transgender individuals, there has been a similar rise in efforts to socially reprogram gender nonconforming children and adolescents. This volume is grounded in the theoretical perspective long embraced by the scientific and healthcare communities--that same-sex attraction and gender nonconformity that same-sex attraction and behavior and gender nonconformity are not, in and of themselves, signs of psychopathology. Rather, the theoretical basis for this book is that sexual minority and gender nonconforming individuals should be supported in embracing their own identities. This theoretical approach to practice with sexual minorities and gender diverse individuals is consistent with decades of APA policy and ethics. As sampling techniques have improved vastly in the past couple decades, does the recent research on SOCE show anything new? What motivates individuals to seek these harmful treatments, either for themselves or for their children? What does the record show about the efficacy and effects of SOCE and GICE? This book synthesizes findings from a vast literature base to answer these and other important questions.