The Chimera Principle de Carlo Severi

The Chimera Principle: An Anthropology of Memory and Imagination

Carlo Severi

Janet Lloyd

David Graeber

en Limba Engleză Paperback – 18 mai 2015

First published in the French language as "Le principe de la chimere: Une anthropologie de la memoire, "Carlo Severi s "The chimera principle "breaks new theoretical ground for the study of ritual, iconographic technologies, and oral traditions among non-literate peoples. In relying on ornaments, body painting, masks, or pictograms, the memory of peoples without writing has always seemed labile, disordered, or doomed to failure. Such mnemonic techniques are regularly described by historians as abortive attempts to express basic concepts through graphic means. This book presents an alternative theoretical position based on the results of an extensive anthropological and ethnographic survey throughout the Americas and Oceania. Herein, Severi analyzes visual and mnemonic devices used in ritual contexts across many societies, arguing that religious ontologies are pragmatically produced by ritual actions that demonstrate a kind of chimeric imagination at the core of many non-Western arts of memory. With theoretical turns both philosophical and ethnographic, "The chimera principle" unfolds new approaches to research in the anthropology of memory and ritual, revealing a new ethnographic theory of imagination. Translated by Janet Lloyd, with a critical foreword by anthropologist David Graeber, this first English edition is both an invaluable resource and an instant classic for anthropologists, art historians, and philosophers.

1st Edition Publication Data (French Original): 2007. "Le pincipe de la chimere. Une anthropologie de la memoire." Paris: Presses de l Ecole Normale Superieure (Rue d Ulm) et Musee du Quai Branly. ISBN: 978-2728803934

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Carlo Severi is professor at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales and director of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Janet Lloyd has translated more than seventy books from French, including Philippe Descola’s Beyond Nature and Culture, published by the University of Chicago Press.

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“Here is an ambitious, comparative anthropology of mnemonic arts proposed with special attention to visual imagery and related ‘techniques for constructing memorable knowledge.’ Severi has conducted extensive research among Kuna peoples of Central America and is influenced by the brilliant ruminations of the cultural theorist Aby Warburg (1866–1929). Severi calls for recognition of deliberately ambiguous ‘ways of organizing differences’ to propose particular understandings ‘that do not recognize any pre-established center of epistemological priority.’ ‘Oral cultures’ represent knowledge in teasing instability and incompletion, he asserts, for community members seeing an Apache pictograph or hearing an Iatmul myth are expected to fill in details from their senses of how the world works and what is at stake during a given performance event. ‘A society’s memory is never single,’ Severi reminds readers, and ‘every … memory is, inevitably, the memory of a person’ bound to forget details and invent replacements. Exegeses further vary according to political and aesthetic needs of the moment. Through a ‘chimera principle,’ counterintuitive juxtapositions of heterogeneous ideas, references, and parts-of-wholes (think gargoyle as a synonym of chimera) instigate imagination, even as wisdom is recalled and creative problem solving is undertaken. . . . Recommended.”

“This highly engaging and deftly written book is the fruit of exemplary scholarly work and is likely to become an indispensable reference for future research on the anthropology of memory and the so-called ‘oral’ cultures. . . . The Chimera Principle is an exceptionally detailed and analytical work of great academic value, which can nevertheless be read by non-specialists and be of interest to a broad and diverse reading public. Putting the old argument about the supposed fragility of memory among so-called ‘oral’ societies, as well as the common view that pictography was either a communication system that is forever lost to us or an ‘unsuccessful attempt to invent a type of writing,’ on an entirely new basis, The Chimera Principle is a fascinating work that makes an important contribution to the anthropology of memory.”

"The centrality of comparative interpretation to anthropology is dazzlingly illustrated in Severi’s The Chimera Principle. This is a book in the grand tradition of Claude Levi-Strauss’ Mythologiques. Severi begins with a meditation on a Zande harp, followed by a discussion of the art historian Aby Warburg’s expansive efforts to understand so-called primitive art. Warburg visited the Hopi in 1895–96 and became fascinated by children who, when asked to draw lightning, drew a snake. The lightning-snakes they drew become the prototype of Severi’s chimeras, artistic productions that Western analysts have consistently misinterpreted in terms of the referential function of language—a tack that leads them to categorize such objects as “crudely realistic,” “abstract,” “decorative” or “imaginary” (Severi 2015a:33–34). None of those terms, Severi argues, gets at the mnemonic and ritual functions of such arts, and he sets out on a grand quest, mainly across the Americas (but with forays into Oceania and New Guinea) to create a new “anthropology of memory and imagination,” as the subtitle of his book has it."

"The Chimera Principle: An Anthropology of Memory and Imaginationis making a contribution to different fields of interest in anthropology: memory, ritual, and images, among others, bringing them together in a coherent argument… this is not just a collection of essays, on the contrary it is a very coherent volume with a sustained narrative that unfolds chapter by chapter."

"Carlo Severi’s The Chimera Principle is an essential work of anthropological literature for the study of so-called 'oral' societies but also for researchers interested in the transmission of memory, belief, oral tradition, and so on…. Due to his groundbreaking reflections on the old anthropological concepts, The Chimera Principle has all the values of the monumental anthropological synthetic works worth reading and 'thinking with.'"

"There are at least two ways of constructing memories, Severi urges. The first is narrational: legends, myths, and stories based on linear sequences in established genres. The second, contrastively, is a song form, depending on an iconic formulation of knowledge: as in shamanistic ritual action that constructs complex images characterized by simultaneity and condensation of certain commonplaces that the tradition would transmit. But the images are also chimeras: allusive, contradictory, unfinished, calling on the imagination of culture members to be collaboratively or dialogically exercised in ceremonial contexts for the purpose of together ‘remembering’ ‘the culture’... Carlo Severi’s book evidences much careful archival scholarship that would reconstrue earlier anthropological understandings of ‘primitive art’; rather than representations of the world, here are objects of memory and imagination that provide a codification of mental space. The book calls for a comparative anthropology of iconographic traditions that work through the mnemonic use of images – understood as the ‘non-Western memory arts’ (p. 19)."

"Originally published in French in 2007 and now available in English for the first time, Carlo Severi’s influential The Chimera Principle is a book that seeks to transform the anthropology of memory and imagination, as its subtitle suggests. Based on Severi’s fieldwork among the Kuna of Panama, as well as on his extensive bibliographic knowledge of art and anthropology, the book considers long-standing anthropological questions such as the relationship between oral and literate cultures, the prevalence of the mnemonic form in Amerindian the ambiguous character of shamanic singers… and the relevance of projection to the anthropological concept of belief."

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The Chimera Principle: An Anthropology of Memory and Imagination

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