This book troubles the traditional treatment of Muslims living under Christian rule in Iberia, traditionally dubbed "Mudejars," as marginal in both medieval Christian and Muslim society. Focusing on Avila, for which uniquely complete records exist for the Muslim community from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, it is argued that the Muslims of Christian Avila were both deeply emeshed in Islamic culture throughout this period and integral members of the predominantly Christian city in which they lived. This monograph explores the processes of adaption and resistance in which Muslims engaged in order to maintain this balance in the face of the ever changing dynamics of Muslim-Christian relations within the wider medieval, and specifically, Iberian, world.