China must increase its agricultural production and yields of staple crops to guarantee food security. This leads to ever-increasing agricultural land-use in Inner Mongolia and has contributed to the environmental problems visible today. Vast economic development and involvement in globalized markets have all left a measurable mark on Inner Mongoliäs environment. The author provides insight into Inner Mongoliäs dryland agriculture, its agitators, environmental, social and political obstacles as well as opportunities. Conducted in Inner Mongolia, her research illustrates the development process of a sustainable agriculture and the evolution of environmental awareness in an economically and ecologically underdeveloped region.