The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East: Global Handbooks in Media and Communication Research

JOE F. KHALIL, Associate Professor of Global Media and Communication, Northwestern University, Qatar. He is the co-author of Arab Television Industries, co-editor of Culture, Time and Publics in the Arab World, and has authored numerous other scholarly articles and book chapters. GHOLAM KHIABANY, Reader in Media and Communications, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He is the author of Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity and co-author of Blogistan, and Media, Democracy and Social Change. He is also co-editor of Liberalism in Neoliberal Times: Dimensions, Contradictions, Limits; and After Charlie Hebdo: Terror, Racism and Free Speech. TOURYA GUAAYBESS is a Professor at the European University Centre at the University of Lorraine. She is the author and editor of numerous books and publications on the political economy of media and journalism in the Arab world, including The Media in Arab Countries: From Development Theories to Cooperation Policies (Wiley, 2021). BILGE YESIL, Associate Professor of Media Culture, College of Staten Island; Doctoral Faculty of Middle Eastern Studies, The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Her research interest is in global communication and media. She is the author of Video Surveillance: Power and Privacy in Everyday Life and Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State.

Notes on Contributors ix Series Editors' Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Media and Culture in the Middle East: An Introduction 1 Part I Theories, Ideologies, and Problematics 13 1 Orientalism and Culture 15 Annabelle Sreberny 2 Muslims, Art, and Invisible Modernities 23 Nabil Echchaibi 3 Development and Modernization in the Middle East 30 Karin Gwinn Wilkins 4 Hybridity as Dazzlement: Rethinking Fusion Through Joseph Tonda's Postcolonial Imperialism 37 Marwan M. Kraidy 5 "Arab" Cultural Studies: Phenomenology Being Digital, and Other Notes 45 Tarik Sabry Part II Politics, Gender, Minorities, and Class 53 6 Intellectuals, Modernities, and the Emerging Public Sphere 55 Gholam Khiabany 7 Feminisms and Feminist Movements in the Middle East 65 Gül Aldikacti Marshall 8 The State, the Media, and the Revival of Labor Activism in the Middle East 73 Anne Alexander 9 The Meaning and Purpose of "Minority Media" in the Middle East and North Africa 82 Elizabeth Monier Part III Media Industries, Markets, and Technologies 91 10 Media Policy in the MENA: The Political Impact of Media Confluence 93 Tourya Guaaybess 11 Journalism in MENA: Triumph and Tragedy in the Struggle to Speak Truth to Power 107 Lawrence Pintak 12 Purposes and Practices of MENA Television: Components of an Ever-evolving Medium 122 Naomi Sakr 13 Digital MENA: An Overview of Digital Infrastructure, Policies, and Media Practices in the Middle upload East and North Africa 134 Carola Richter 14 Documents, Archives, Absence: Current Challenges and Insights from Media Research in the Middle East and Beyond 147 Hatim El-Hibri and Kaveh Askari Part IV (Mass) Media, Cultures, and Contexts 163 15 Freedom of Expression and Media Challenges in the Mena Region: A Legal and Regulatory Perspective 165 Joan Barata 16 Arabic News Channels in the Middle East: Development and Transformation 178 Yushi Chiba 17 MENA Independent Media: Negotiating the Logics of Media Development Programs 191 Yazan Badran 18 Divergence or Convergence between Mainstream and Independent Journalism in Turkey?: The Coverage of Operation Peace Spring 205 Ozan Asik 19 Kurdish Cinema: Politics, Aesthetics, and Transnational Pathways 219 Suncem Kocer 20 Aesthetic Arabism: The Syrian Musalsal Beyond Borders 231 Christa Salamandra 21 The Dynamics of Advertising in MENA: An Empirical Model 245 Ilhem Allagui 22 Reconfigurations of Religiopolitical Traditions and Identities: Mediated Religion in the Arab Countries 261 Ehab Galal 23 Constructing a New Identity: Women's Work in the Iranian Broadcast Media 275 Asemeh Ghasemi 24 Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation 286 Omar Sayfo 25 Breaking Barriers: The Emergence of a Video Game Culture and Industry in the Arab World 300 Vít Sisler, Lars de Wildt, and Samer Abbas Part V Alternative, Independent, and Social Media 313 26 Taking Revolution Seriously: A Keywords Approach to Middle East Studies 315 Omar Al-Ghazzi 27 Alternative and Citizen Journalism(s) in the Middle East 326 Marianna Ghiglia 28 A Revolution of Smiles?: The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019-2020 Protests 340 Ali Sonay 29 Creating Emotional Echo-Chambers: Activism and Self-Expression on Social Media 352 Hande Eslen-Ziya 30 Mnemotechnics: Digital Epistemologies and the Techno-Politics of Archiving a Revolution 363 Anthony Downey 31 Media Technologies and Politics in Iran 382 Mehdi Semati 32 Reframing Jihadism: Deciphering the Identity, Politics, and Agenda of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in Northwest Syria 396 Ines Khalifa Barnard and Charlie Winter 33 Beyond the Arab Uprisings: Politics of Rap in the Middle East 414 Stefano Barone 34 Egyptian Graffiti: Collective Action and Institutionalization 427 Mohammad Abdel Hamid 35 Quiet Queer Activism in Repressive Contexts in the Middle East Through the Stories of Three Egyptian Women 440 Shaimaa Magued 36 Social Media and Fourth Wave Feminism in Morocco 453 Naziha Houki, Alka Kurian, and Kenza Oumlil 37 The Kurdish Media in the Middle East and Diaspora: Alternative Public and Participatory Spaces for a Non-State Nation 468 Jiyar Aghapouri 38 Arab American Media 479 William Lafi Youmans 39 Contemporary Arab Media and Cultural Landscape in Istanbul 492 Franck Mermier Part VI Perspectives 503 40 Cultural Politics of the Diaspora 505 Orit Ouaknine-Yekutieli and Yigal Nizri 41 Dialectics of Resistance: Youth in the Middle East 513 Joe F. Khalil 42 Borders 520 Helga Tawil-Souri 43 Activism and Surveillance in the Middle East 526 Bilge Yesil Index 535