The papers gathered together in this volume represent over a dozen years of research on the Hongshan period in north-eastern China. Hongshan is the name given to a group of Late Neolithic sites north of the Great Wall of China, in Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia. Papers are arranged thematically covering the following topics: General (An introduction to the geographical locations); Hongshan as a Complex Society; Ideology and Pigs; Gender; Hongshan Trade and Research Papers on Niuheliang. With contributions from Charlotte Bell, Guo Dashun, Lu Xueming, Anne Martin-Montgomery, Rachel A. Matson, Hung-jen Niu, Yangjin Pak, Rachel M. Roberts, Chris Rock, Robert E. Stencel, Tiffany Tchakirides and Zhu Da