The International Seabed Authority and the Precautionary Principle: Balancing Deep Seabed Mineral Mining and Marine Environmental Protection: Publications on Ocean Development, cartea 83
Autor Aline L. Jaeckelen Limba Engleză Hardback – 18 ian 2017
This book examines whether and to what extent the Authority is implementing the precautionary principle in practice. This includes the development of adequate environmental protection standards as well as procedural safeguards and decision-making processes that facilitate risk assessment and risk management. In doing so, the author offers an insightful example of how the precautionary principle can be translated into a practical management tool.
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9789004332270
ISBN-10: 9004332278
Pagini: 362
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0.68 kg
Editura: Brill
Colecția Brill | Nijhoff
Seria Publications on Ocean Development
ISBN-10: 9004332278
Pagini: 362
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0.68 kg
Editura: Brill
Colecția Brill | Nijhoff
Seria Publications on Ocean Development
Cuprins
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Cases
List of Treaties and Declarations
PART I: CONTEXT – DEEP SEABED MINING, THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, AND PRECAUTION
Chapter 1:Deep Seabed Mining and the Marine Environment
1.1Setting the Scene: The Onset of Deep Seabed Mining
1.2Exploring the Problem
1.2.1The Marine Environment of the Deep Seabed and its Mineral Resources
1.2.2The Environmental Risks and Uncertainties of Deep Seabed Mineral Mining
1.2.3The Need for a Precautionary Approach to Seabed Mining
1.3Objectives of the Study
1.4Terminology
1.5Methodology and Limits of the Study
1.6Structure of the Study
Chapter 2:The Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.1Introduction
2.2The Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.2.1From Reactive to Proactive Thinking: the Rationale of Precaution
2.2.2History of the Precautionary Principle
2.2.3Status of the Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.2.4Overlapping Principles: Precaution and Prevention
2.3Defining the Precautionary Principle: Three Elements
2.3.1Threat of Environmental Harm
2.3.2Uncertainty
2.3.3Remedial Action
2.3.3.1Effectiveness
2.3.3.2Proportionality
2.3.4The Role of Thresholds
2.4Implementing the Precautionary Principle
2.4.1The Three Dimensions of Implementing Precaution
2.4.1.1Institutional Dimension
2.4.1.2Procedural Dimension
2.4.1.3Protective Measures
2.4.1.4A Three-dimensional Assessment of the Implementation of Precaution
2.4.2The Role of Values
2.4.2.1Making Uncertainties Explicit
2.4.2.2Participation
2.4.2.3Transparency
2.4.2.4A Normative Framework
2.4.3The Burden of Proof
2.4.3.1Considerations for a General Allocation of the Burden of Proof
2.4.3.2Reversing the Burden of Proof as an Implementation Measure
2.4.4The Nature of Uncertainties
2.4.5Dealing with Uncertainty in Complex Systems: Adaptive Management
2.4.6Examining Counter-Effects: the Aim of Net Environmental Protection
2.4.7Socio-Economic Considerations
2.5Framework for Analysing the Implementation of the Precaution: Assessment Criteria
PART II: THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Chapter 3:The International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining Regime
3.1Introduction
3.2Historical Development of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime
3.2.1The Legal Status of the International Seabed and its Resources
3.2.2The LOSC and Continuing Uncertainty as to the Legal Status of the Seabed and its Resources
3.2.3The 1994 Implementing Agreement and the Revision of the Common Heritage Concept
3.3Mandate of the ISA
3.4Institutional Organisation of the ISA
3.4.1The Assembly
3.4.2The Council
3.4.3The Secretariat
3.4.4The Legal and Technical Commission
3.4.5The Economic Planning Commission
3.4.6The Finance Committee
3.4.7The Enterprise
3.5Decision-making Processes in the ISA
3.5.1Adopting Mining Regulations
3.5.2Assessing Applications for Plans of Work
3.6Enforcement Powers
3.6.1Monitoring Compliance
3.6.2Responsibilities and Liability
3.7Financing the ISA
3.8Dispute Settlement in the ISA Regime: The Seabed Disputes Chamber
3.9Conclusion
Chapter 4:The Environmental Mandate of the ISA
4.1Introduction
4.2Environmental Considerations During the Negotiations of Part XI and the Implementing Agreement
4.3The General Obligation Under the Convention and the Implementing Agreement to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
4.3.1The Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
4.3.2The Environmental Mandate of the ISA
4.3.3General Environmental Obligations of States
4.4Gradual Integration of Precaution into the LOSC
4.5The Debate About Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research in the Context of the ISA’s Mandate
4.6Conclusion
Chapter 5:Developing the ISA’s Environmental Mandate Through the Mining Code
5.1Introduction
5.2Law-making Powers of the ISA
5.3The Mining Code
5.3.1Exploration Regulations
5.3.2LTC Recommendations
5.3.3Future Exploitation Regulations
5.4The ISA’s Environmental Obligations as Developed by the Mining Code
5.4.1Assess and Monitor Environmental Impacts
5.4.1.1Environmental Baselines
5.4.1.2Environmental Impact Assessments
5.4.1.3Monitoring Effects on the Marine Environment
5.4.2Marine Protected Areas
5.4.2.1Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
5.4.2.2Mandate of the ISA to Declare Marine Protected Areas
5.4.3Best Environmental Practices
5.4.4Emergency Orders
5.4.5Enforcement and Liability
5.4.6Applying a Precautionary Approach
5.4.6.1Precautionary Thresholds in the ISA Context
5.5Conclusion
PART III: IMPLEMENTING PRECAUTION BY THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Chapter 6:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Protective Measures
6.1Introduction
6.2Marine Scientific Research
6.2.1Research Regarding Faunal Diversity Associated with Polymetallic Nodules
6.2.2Research Regarding Ecosystems Associated with Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Crusts
6.2.3Discussion About the ISA’s Engagement in Marine Scientific Research
6.3Marine Protected Areas
6.3.1The Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
6.3.2Environmental Management Plans for Other Areas?
6.3.3Multi-Purpose Marine Protected Areas
6.3.4Preservation Reference Zones
6.3.5Safety Margins
6.4Measures Pertaining to Particularly Vulnerable Ecosystems
6.5Listing of Particular Activities
6.6Emergency Orders
6.7Environmental Restoration
6.8Conclusion
Chapter 7:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Procedural Elements
7.1Introduction
7.2Assessing Risks and Uncertainties…
7.2.1…through Strategic Environmental Assessment
7.2.2…in the Context of Assessing New Applications for Exploration Contracts
7.2.3…through Environmental Impact Assessments During Exploration Work
7.2.3.1The Lack of Environmental Baselines
7.2.3.2Procedural Consequences of Environmental Impact Assessments
7.2.4Bringing Environmental Impact Assessments in Line with the Precautionary Approach – Some Suggestions
7.3Amending Environmental Standards
7.3.1Amending Regulations
7.3.2Amending Recommendations
7.3.3Reviewing a Programme of Activities
7.3.4Updating Regional Environmental Management Plans
7.3.5Some Suggestions for Changes to the Procedural Framework
7.4Ensuring Transparency and Participation
7.4.1Transparency
7.4.2Public Participation
7.4.3Some Suggestions for Ensuring Transparency and Public Participation
7.5The Burden of Proof
7.5.1The Status Quo in the ISA’s Legal Framework
7.5.2The Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Specific Cases
7.6Monitoring of Environmental Effects
7.6.1Monitoring Programme for Contractors
7.6.2Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Protective Measures
7.6.3Monitoring Environmental Effects on a Regional Scale
7.7Conclusion
Chapter 8:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Institutional Aspects
8.1Introduction
8.2Institutional Mechanisms for Implementing Precaution
8.2.1Mechanisms for the Assessment of Environmental Risks and Protective Measures
8.2.2Mechanisms for Ensuring Compliance
8.3Current Institutional Limitations
8.3.1Capacity and Limitations of the Legal and Technical Commission
8.3.2Capacity and Limitations of the ISA Secretariat
8.4Options for Institutional Innovation for the ISA
8.4.1An Environmental Commission
8.4.2A Mining Inspectorate
8.5Conclusion
Chapter 9:Conclusion
9.1The Complexities of Implementing the Precautionary Principle
9.2The Strengths and Weaknesses of the ISA’s Current Approach to Precaution
9.2.1Absence of a Conservation Objective
9.2.2Lack of Obligation to Identify Uncertainties
9.2.3Strength Derived from Affording Scientific Information a Central Role
9.2.4Procedural Challenges Associated with Environmental Impact Assessments and Adaptive Management
9.2.5Lack of Strategic Vision
9.2.6Successes and Challenges with Respect to Timely Action
9.2.7Successes and Challenges with Respect to the Role of the ISA in Marine Scientific Research
9.2.8Conclusion
9.3Strengthening the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle by the ISA: Suggestions for a Way Forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
List of Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Cases
List of Treaties and Declarations
PART I: CONTEXT – DEEP SEABED MINING, THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, AND PRECAUTION
Chapter 1:Deep Seabed Mining and the Marine Environment
1.1Setting the Scene: The Onset of Deep Seabed Mining
1.2Exploring the Problem
1.2.1The Marine Environment of the Deep Seabed and its Mineral Resources
1.2.2The Environmental Risks and Uncertainties of Deep Seabed Mineral Mining
1.2.3The Need for a Precautionary Approach to Seabed Mining
1.3Objectives of the Study
1.4Terminology
1.5Methodology and Limits of the Study
1.6Structure of the Study
Chapter 2:The Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.1Introduction
2.2The Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.2.1From Reactive to Proactive Thinking: the Rationale of Precaution
2.2.2History of the Precautionary Principle
2.2.3Status of the Precautionary Principle in International Law
2.2.4Overlapping Principles: Precaution and Prevention
2.3Defining the Precautionary Principle: Three Elements
2.3.1Threat of Environmental Harm
2.3.2Uncertainty
2.3.3Remedial Action
2.3.3.1Effectiveness
2.3.3.2Proportionality
2.3.4The Role of Thresholds
2.4Implementing the Precautionary Principle
2.4.1The Three Dimensions of Implementing Precaution
2.4.1.1Institutional Dimension
2.4.1.2Procedural Dimension
2.4.1.3Protective Measures
2.4.1.4A Three-dimensional Assessment of the Implementation of Precaution
2.4.2The Role of Values
2.4.2.1Making Uncertainties Explicit
2.4.2.2Participation
2.4.2.3Transparency
2.4.2.4A Normative Framework
2.4.3The Burden of Proof
2.4.3.1Considerations for a General Allocation of the Burden of Proof
2.4.3.2Reversing the Burden of Proof as an Implementation Measure
2.4.4The Nature of Uncertainties
2.4.5Dealing with Uncertainty in Complex Systems: Adaptive Management
2.4.6Examining Counter-Effects: the Aim of Net Environmental Protection
2.4.7Socio-Economic Considerations
2.5Framework for Analysing the Implementation of the Precaution: Assessment Criteria
PART II: THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Chapter 3:The International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining Regime
3.1Introduction
3.2Historical Development of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime
3.2.1The Legal Status of the International Seabed and its Resources
3.2.2The LOSC and Continuing Uncertainty as to the Legal Status of the Seabed and its Resources
3.2.3The 1994 Implementing Agreement and the Revision of the Common Heritage Concept
3.3Mandate of the ISA
3.4Institutional Organisation of the ISA
3.4.1The Assembly
3.4.2The Council
3.4.3The Secretariat
3.4.4The Legal and Technical Commission
3.4.5The Economic Planning Commission
3.4.6The Finance Committee
3.4.7The Enterprise
3.5Decision-making Processes in the ISA
3.5.1Adopting Mining Regulations
3.5.2Assessing Applications for Plans of Work
3.6Enforcement Powers
3.6.1Monitoring Compliance
3.6.2Responsibilities and Liability
3.7Financing the ISA
3.8Dispute Settlement in the ISA Regime: The Seabed Disputes Chamber
3.9Conclusion
Chapter 4:The Environmental Mandate of the ISA
4.1Introduction
4.2Environmental Considerations During the Negotiations of Part XI and the Implementing Agreement
4.3The General Obligation Under the Convention and the Implementing Agreement to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
4.3.1The Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment
4.3.2The Environmental Mandate of the ISA
4.3.3General Environmental Obligations of States
4.4Gradual Integration of Precaution into the LOSC
4.5The Debate About Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research in the Context of the ISA’s Mandate
4.6Conclusion
Chapter 5:Developing the ISA’s Environmental Mandate Through the Mining Code
5.1Introduction
5.2Law-making Powers of the ISA
5.3The Mining Code
5.3.1Exploration Regulations
5.3.2LTC Recommendations
5.3.3Future Exploitation Regulations
5.4The ISA’s Environmental Obligations as Developed by the Mining Code
5.4.1Assess and Monitor Environmental Impacts
5.4.1.1Environmental Baselines
5.4.1.2Environmental Impact Assessments
5.4.1.3Monitoring Effects on the Marine Environment
5.4.2Marine Protected Areas
5.4.2.1Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
5.4.2.2Mandate of the ISA to Declare Marine Protected Areas
5.4.3Best Environmental Practices
5.4.4Emergency Orders
5.4.5Enforcement and Liability
5.4.6Applying a Precautionary Approach
5.4.6.1Precautionary Thresholds in the ISA Context
5.5Conclusion
PART III: IMPLEMENTING PRECAUTION BY THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Chapter 6:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Protective Measures
6.1Introduction
6.2Marine Scientific Research
6.2.1Research Regarding Faunal Diversity Associated with Polymetallic Nodules
6.2.2Research Regarding Ecosystems Associated with Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Crusts
6.2.3Discussion About the ISA’s Engagement in Marine Scientific Research
6.3Marine Protected Areas
6.3.1The Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
6.3.2Environmental Management Plans for Other Areas?
6.3.3Multi-Purpose Marine Protected Areas
6.3.4Preservation Reference Zones
6.3.5Safety Margins
6.4Measures Pertaining to Particularly Vulnerable Ecosystems
6.5Listing of Particular Activities
6.6Emergency Orders
6.7Environmental Restoration
6.8Conclusion
Chapter 7:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Procedural Elements
7.1Introduction
7.2Assessing Risks and Uncertainties…
7.2.1…through Strategic Environmental Assessment
7.2.2…in the Context of Assessing New Applications for Exploration Contracts
7.2.3…through Environmental Impact Assessments During Exploration Work
7.2.3.1The Lack of Environmental Baselines
7.2.3.2Procedural Consequences of Environmental Impact Assessments
7.2.4Bringing Environmental Impact Assessments in Line with the Precautionary Approach – Some Suggestions
7.3Amending Environmental Standards
7.3.1Amending Regulations
7.3.2Amending Recommendations
7.3.3Reviewing a Programme of Activities
7.3.4Updating Regional Environmental Management Plans
7.3.5Some Suggestions for Changes to the Procedural Framework
7.4Ensuring Transparency and Participation
7.4.1Transparency
7.4.2Public Participation
7.4.3Some Suggestions for Ensuring Transparency and Public Participation
7.5The Burden of Proof
7.5.1The Status Quo in the ISA’s Legal Framework
7.5.2The Reversal of the Burden of Proof in Specific Cases
7.6Monitoring of Environmental Effects
7.6.1Monitoring Programme for Contractors
7.6.2Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Protective Measures
7.6.3Monitoring Environmental Effects on a Regional Scale
7.7Conclusion
Chapter 8:Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Institutional Aspects
8.1Introduction
8.2Institutional Mechanisms for Implementing Precaution
8.2.1Mechanisms for the Assessment of Environmental Risks and Protective Measures
8.2.2Mechanisms for Ensuring Compliance
8.3Current Institutional Limitations
8.3.1Capacity and Limitations of the Legal and Technical Commission
8.3.2Capacity and Limitations of the ISA Secretariat
8.4Options for Institutional Innovation for the ISA
8.4.1An Environmental Commission
8.4.2A Mining Inspectorate
8.5Conclusion
Chapter 9:Conclusion
9.1The Complexities of Implementing the Precautionary Principle
9.2The Strengths and Weaknesses of the ISA’s Current Approach to Precaution
9.2.1Absence of a Conservation Objective
9.2.2Lack of Obligation to Identify Uncertainties
9.2.3Strength Derived from Affording Scientific Information a Central Role
9.2.4Procedural Challenges Associated with Environmental Impact Assessments and Adaptive Management
9.2.5Lack of Strategic Vision
9.2.6Successes and Challenges with Respect to Timely Action
9.2.7Successes and Challenges with Respect to the Role of the ISA in Marine Scientific Research
9.2.8Conclusion
9.3Strengthening the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle by the ISA: Suggestions for a Way Forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
Notă biografică
Aline L. Jaeckel, Ph.D. (2015), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia, is a Research Fellow at Macquarie Law School. She has published in the fields of law of the sea, international law, and environmental law.
Recenzii
"With this book, Dr. Aline Jaeckel successfully overcomes the challenge of delivering what is just as much a reflection on theoretical notions of international environmental law as it is a very pragmatic and concrete case study. In that, she is a pioneer in the discussion of deep seabed mining, contributing to the development of maritime law and bringing the discussion to the next level. [..] Despite the specificity and technicality of the topic, she manages to make it very accessible with a clear and straightforward language. In this respect, this book is a polyvalent and useful tool to be recommended to all researchers, institutions, practitioners or students interested in the matter." - Laura E. Lallier, Maritime Institute, University of Ghent